Monday, December 23, 2019

The African American Civil Rights Movement - 1887 Words

The African-American Civil Rights Movement is the struggle that African Americans had to endure in order to enjoy the liberties offered to all citizens of the United states today. Before it, the United States was still in darkness, with racism having a firm grip on most souls. Since its beginnings, it was a topic of debate not only by the top ranking government officials, but also by normal citizens. The African-American Civil Rights Movement is undoubtedly one of the most revered and memorable moments in our country’s history. The story of the African-American Civil Rights Movement can trace its beginnings to the middle of the 19th century, with slavery remaining strong in the Southern states. One of the biggest speculations over the†¦show more content†¦It is safe to say that the ruling was a precursor to the Civil War over disputes of African-American citizenship. The next event on the course of the African American Civil Rights Movement was the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was Lincoln’s stab at ended slavery in the United States. Although signed in September of 1862, the Proclamation was not implemented until New Year’s Day in 1863. (National Archives and Records Administration) The document states, â€Å"On the first day of January, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.† -Lincoln, 1862. With the passing of this executive order, all slaves in the Confederacy were then considered free under Federal law. Although all slaves in the South were freed, this did not include slaves in the border states that separated the Union and the Confederacy. As for slaves in these states, freedom would have to wait for another day. The next decade would see huge steps for the civil rights movement in the form of the first Constitutional Amendments protecting African-Americans. The Civil War Ended in the Spring of 1865. That Winter, CongressShow MoreRelatedThe African-American Civil Rights Movement1295 Words   |  5 Pages The African-American Civil Rights Movement is arguably the largest and most successful push towards toward change in American history. The movement was influenced by some of the biggest figures in American history as well, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and influenced by others such as president Kennedy and Johnson. Amongst the numerous protests and powerful speeches during the Civil Rights Movement perhaps the most prominent is the series of three marches in 1965 known today as the â€Å"Selma to Montgomery†Read MoreThe African American Civil Right Movement1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe African American Civil right movement in the late 1950’s and throughout the 1960’s wa s a powerful fight for equal opportunities to the basic rights and privileges outlined by the US government. During this movement thousands of African American individuals and those who believed in the power of the movement, battled against the piercing white supremacy through various tactics including grass root movements. The grass root movements in the 60’s was characterized by organizations of individualsRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe African American civil rights movement was a long journey for African American nationwide. The success involved many people, hardships and time in order to advance the African American community in America. The purpose of the movement was to achieve their rights, cease discrimination, and racial segregation. During the start of the African American civil rights movement, Africans Americans still were faced with Jim Crow laws which segregated them from whites. Under the Jim Crow laws AfricanRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1260 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans have fought for equality for a long period of time against desegregation and racism. It was an era where blacks couldn’t have the same rights as a white individual. African American were treated with hate and anger. The Civil Rights Movement is embodied in dramatic recorded speeches. Speeches like â€Å"I have A Dream†, the â€Å"Black Revolution†, and â€Å"Black Power’ and Coalition Politics. These speeches were written by great leaders. Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and Bayard RustingRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1624 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the early 1950’s and 1960’s, the civil rights movement defined how African Americ ans progressed from being considered second class citizens to a unified demographic who became more endowed to handle the high tensions between them and the white segregationists. After World War II, protests began to rise between the 1950’s and 1960’s. The large number of blacks that served in the military or worked in the war industry saw that they had a greater place in the world than they had been given inRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans were brought to America during the colonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happenedRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement756 Words   |  4 PagesAnother significant circumstance was the African-American civil rights movement in US in those years. Until the age of eighteen, he had never thought about ethnicity or cultural differences. After 1968, African-American movement turned to be seen in Milwaukee. He met with Father Grouppi*, but he did not support him and his followers. For a long time, he had not appreciated the African American civil rights movemen t. Moreover, he would think that this movement aggravates the racial segregation in societyRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Movement1594 Words   |  7 Pagesblack power movement in American Civil Rights Movement. Violence is a physical force intended to hurt someone. Politics is a platform where the wellbeing is thought for the citizens and in America the politics and laws have been placed in order for the betterment of the American citizens. In this essay I will unravel many factors arguing whether violence is legitimate or whether it is a mean that is necessary to a more equal nation mostly focusing on the American Civil Rights movement and the blackRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Movement1525 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing World War I, a new, militant spirit of resistance and activism burgeoned among African-American citizens across the United States. Empowered by the sense that blacks had played a crucial role in the conflict, the descendants of freedmen returned home to fight for their own rights only to find persecution; this dire situation called for immediate, decisive action. During the interwar years, African Americans in the southwest Georgia Black Belt fought for community empowerment and, through theRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pagesequal rights. A perfect example of racial brutality was the summer of 1955 when Emmett Till was brutally murdered by two white men. This murder case promptly seized the attention of millions and modified the history of the United States. The Emmett Till murder case established itself as a defining event in the United States history because it became a spark to the Civil Rights movement, transformed people’s hearts and minds into realizing how dangerous segregation was, and it proved how African Americans

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Nee Bondha Free Essays

1. ) Hope these KindNotes add sunshine to your day, and show you that you’re thought of in a warm and special way! -Unknown 2. ) Let this be a short rest before you embark on your journey to greater challenges. We will write a custom essay sample on Nee Bondha or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Unknown 3. ) Hope you’ll soon be feeling fine the way you were before because things just won’t be the same until you’re well once more. -Unknown 4. ) With the warmest of wishes, this just comes to say hope that you’re feeling much better today. -Unknown 5. ) As you rest and heal, know that you are thought of warmly and wished a quick recovery. -Unknown 6. May you find comfort in knowing many of us are caring about you and we hope good health will be restored to you soon. -Unknown 7. ) Please know that our thoughts and prayers are with you during your recovery. -Unknown 8. ) We hope you get well soon because you are too special to be sick. -Unknown 9. ) Wishing that each day brings you renewed strength, brighter times, and a healthier, happier you. Get well soon. -Unknown 10. ) You are in our thoughts, and we’re all hoping that you will be enjoying better health again soon. -Unknown 11. ) You have places to go, people to see, lots of fun times to be enjoyed. Get well soon. -Unknown 12. ) Whatever you find hardest to do, do with all your heart. -Unknown 13. ) Rise above the storm and you will find the sunshine. 14. ) Do what you can, with what you have, where you are. -Theodore Roosevelt 15. ) Don’t frown because you never know who’s falling in love with your smile. -Unknown 16. ) Do not follow where the path may lead. Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. -Ralph Waldo Emerson 17. ) What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. -Ralph Waldo Emerson 18. Enjoy the little things in life, for one day you may look back and realize they were the big things. 19. ) Things which matter most must never be at the mercy of things which matter least. -Goethe 20. ) Hang in there. A lot of good things are coming your way. 21. ) Life isn’t tied with a bow, but it’s still a gift. -Unknown 22. ) Kind words can be short and easy to speak, but their echoes are truly en dless. -Mother Teresa 23. ) Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear and the blind can read. -Mark Twain 24. ) The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched. They must be felt with the heart. Hellen Keller 25. ) It does not matter how many times you get knocked down, but how many times you get up. -Vince Lombardi 26. ) Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind. -Dr. Seuss 27. ) Wherever you go, no matter what the weather, always bring your own sunshine. -Anthony J. D’Angelo 28. ) Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you will land among the stars. -Les Brown 29. ) Don’t let anything slow you down; with will, anything is possible. 30. ) Don’t frown because your smile is what lightens up the world. 31. ) Time is the best doctor. -Unknown How to cite Nee Bondha, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Outsourcing Management Information Systems-Samples for Students

Queston: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages Of Outsourcing Business Functions. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing of the business functions refers to the process wherein a company purchases a product or service from an external vendor instead of performing the business operations in the business facilities of the organization. The outsourcing strategy is commonly adopted by the business organization to cut the operational cost of the organization. The outsourcing decision is a strategic decision of the organization as the organization has to tradeoff between the potential cost saving and the loss of control over the manufacturing of the product or service. In the recent years, outsourcing industry has observed immense growth in the outsourcing industry with the changing business philosophy of the business organizations. Previously, large companies used to invest in a large number of unrelated businesses to reduce the comparative risk (McIvor, 2010). However, several of these companies have realized that operating a large number of unconnected businesses have limited advantages. Conse quently, the companies have started developing core competence and all other supporting activities are outsources. Today, outsourcing is the most common phenomenon with the companies of all size and industries indulging in it. Outsourcing provides numerous benefits such as cost savings and focus on the core competency of the organization. Project Objective The primary aim of the following project is to explore the phenomenon of outsourcing and its numerous benefits and challenges for the business organizations. Today, most of the companies have undertaken outsourcing activities to reduce their cost of operations. However, there are several challenges in the successful implementation of outsourcing. The current literature review will examine the different challenges of the outsourcing activities for the organization. The business organizations face the risk of information breach, less efficiency and decrease in customer satisfaction with the outsourcing activities. Project Scope The project will discuss the outsourcing activities of different companies. The project will discuss the benefits and thee drawbacks of the outsourcing activities. However, the scope of the current project is limited to the secondary sources. In the present research, all the information is obtained from the secondary sources so the success or the failure of the project is dependent upon the viability and the credibility of the secondary resources. The current research project will only focus on the benefits and the drawbacks of the outsourcing activities. Therefore, it will not provide any additional information provided by the research scholars. Literature Review According to Gospel and Sako (2010), outsourcing refers to the process wherein a business organization transfers its associated or auxiliary operations to a third party vendor so that it can focus on its core competency. It also reduces the overall cost to the organization and increases the organizational efficiency. Today, most of the business organizations have expanded their operations overseas in different developing and developed nations. These organizations adopt the outsourcing business model to reduce their cost and exploit the differences in the labor and the manufacturing cost in different countries. The information technology companies are pioneer in adopting outsourcing business model and it has been crucial in saving a significant amount of cost of these organizations. Outsourcing can be defined as the transfer of duties, operations and the authority to someone outside the usual workplace. In the perception of Lientz (2009), the primary reason for the outsourcing activity is often cited as the development of competitive advantage. The side-operations of the organization which increases the workload of the employees unnecessarily high and deviate their mind from the core business activities of the organization are transferred to some other organizations. However, only those activities are transferred to an external organization which cannot be used against the organization in some negative manner. Moreover, if any data breach occurs in these activities, the negative impact on the organization is minimal. With the challenges and the risk associated with the outsourcing activities, there have been numerous options available for the outsourcing. For instance, a business organization can outsource a part of the process or a whole process to a third part y vendor. According to Schniederjans (2006), the outsourcing activities of a business organization are dependent upon increasing the customer service quality and reducing the overall operational costs. The outsourcing activities also allow the business organization to enter the market of a foreign country. With these processes, they can temporarily create employment and contribute to the local economy. It can also increase the access of the organization to the skilled labor and manufacturing technology. If a business organization does not have the labor equipped with the desired skills, the organization can outsource the activity to an expert organization. Along with it, the organization can also address the issue of manpower shortage with the outsourcing activities. If a business organization suddenly gets bulk order and it does not have the manpower to handle the project, it can outsource the business activities to the external organizations. During the outsourcing activities, it is important for a business organization to outsource the activities which are most beneficial for the organization. Some of the most common business activities which can be outsourced to the external vendors are human resource management, accounting process, technical support infrastructure or the legal procedures. In the perception of Miozzo and Grimshaw (2011), the outsourcing functions provide several unique benefits to the business organizations. One of the most significant benefits, which drive the companies to adopt thee outsourcing model is the immense cost benefits that the process provides. Most of the business organizations try to cut cost by the adoption of this model. Due to the currency rate difference between the developed and the developing countries, the manufacturing and the labor cost is significantly small in developing countries like China and Indonesia. In these countries, the labor is available in large amount at a cheaper cost. It drastically reduces the total production cost to the organization. Other than that, the companies can also outsource other side operations such as human resource functions like payroll design or legal work to third parties. In these cases, the companies will save cost as instead of hiring an expert for the work, it can outsource the work wheneve r there is any requirement for the services. Another significant benefit of the business is that the organization can pay attention to it core activities. In the present times, there is lot of competition. The business organizations face tremendous competition and constantly face the threat in which the competitors snatch away the market share of the leading organizations. Therefore, it is very much important for the organizations to develop a core competency or competitive advantage in their operations. In this regard, outsourcing activities can be used by the business organizations to improve their core business operations. As such, by concentrating on core business functions, the business organizations can develop their competitive advantage. The business organization can also use outsourcing activities to improve their business operations. Another significant advantage of outsourcing method is skill acquisition of the employees. Today, the business environment has become dynamic and complex. In order to run successful operations, it is important to have a diversified team which is talented in several aspects. An organization can expand its expertise, technical knowledge and other skills. Most commonly, the business organizations also outsource their business to the companies who specialize in a specific business field. The supplier company has the employee in appropriate strength, skills and experience that they can perform a certain task in better than the parent company. The assistance provided as such a benefit the company a lot in terms of time efficiency, quality and cost saving (MCiVOR, 2010). Similarly, Jain, Hasija and Popescu (2013) have discussed that another benefit of the outsourcing activity is enhanced customer satisfaction. With the outsourcing, the company has the opportunity to transfer their work to other companies which are well-equipped with technology, skills or expertise. It will result in better service to the customers and can eventually impact on the customer satisfaction. Since the work will be performed by the industry experts, the customer satisfaction will proportionally increase with the expertise of the outsourcing companies. These organizations have an entire workforce dedicated for completing the task; therefore, if one of the employees gets sick or is not present, the organization is bound to find a replacement of the person. If the outsourcing center in in a foreign country, the company can also provide services at odd times. According to Hsuan and Mahnke (2011), another interlinked facet of outsourcing is enhancement of operational efficiency. As per the above discussion, if the organization wants to sustain in the marketplace, it has to recruit highly talented people who can create a competitive advantage for the companies. The outsourcing is mean to achieve this competitive advantage or operational efficiency. It allows the organization to seek maximum efficiency and implement them within the organization. The efficiency refers to high product or service quality with timely delivery of task. It also allows the home employees of the organization to focus on important task and accomplish them with a high degree of efficiency. The organization can focus on its core objectives instead of daily supervising the mundane or regular task. In the views of Schniederjans, Schniederjans, Schniederjans (2015), outsourcing activities also allow the benefit of risk sharing to all the companies. The companies can develop a contract in which they can share organizational risk with the outsourcing companies. While entering into an outsourcing agreement, the companies have to evaluate several aspects such as they are offering high quality of service and timely completion of the projects. The companies also need to evaluate that the outsourcing company is offering the same service as mentioned in the agreement. If the external vendor fails to do so, the company can file a legal case against them. Along with the numerous benefits as discussed by Miozzo and Grimshaw, (2011), there are also certain disadvantages associated with the outsourcing activities. The foremost disadvantage associated with the outsourcing activity is the data and information risk. While outsourcing he business activities to an external vendor, the company has to share a lot of confidential and sensitive information with third party. It increases the vulnerability of the organization. Even when the supplier or the vendor does not have any mal-intent, it might be possible that the security system of the external vendor is not robust. However, it makes the entire organization more vulnerable to the security attacks. Han and Mithas (2013) have stated that the outsourcing activity also creates various administrative issues related to the management and control of the outsourced activities. When an organization enter into an outsourcing deal, they sign a contract wherein it is written all the duties, responsibilities and evaluation will be conducted be the outsourcing companies. However, it creates several administrative challenges for the organization. If the principles of the organization do not match with the outsourced organization or if the outsourcing organization is dealing with more than two companies, it can create hurdles for the organization. Therefore, it is important that the organization implement a proper managerial control over the organization. Another issue in the outsourcing activity is that the most of the times, the companies have to deal with hidden expenses which were not mentioned earlier in the project signing document. There are several hidden expenses such as verification of online document or any other legal procedure. As a result, it is important to establish a proper framework for the outsourcing activities. Conclusion Conclusively, it is stated that outsourcing activities have high potential and would be to reduce the cost of the organization. There are numerous benefits of outsourcing such as low cost operations, higher efficiency and skill development. The companies use the outsourcing activities to reduce their overall operational costs by taking advantage of the difference in the labor costs or the manufacturing costs to the organization. Other than that, an organization can easily access efficient workforce in an instant with the outsourcing method. The outsourcing also reduces the challenges of human resource shortage of the organization. Outsourcing has numerous challenges also as the organization becomes more vulnerable to security or IT data breach. Along with it, the organization will also face other challenges such as reduction in control over other activities of the organization. The organization will also several other challenges such as reduction of control over the supporting activities of the organization. When the organization will lose control over these activities, the quality of services provided to the customers will also be questionable References Dhar, S., (2012). From outsourcing to Cloud computing: evolution of IT services.Management Research Review,35(8), pp.664-675. Epstein, W.N. (2012). Contract theory and the failures of public-private contracting.Cardozo L. Rev.,34, p.2211. Gonzalez, R., Gasco, J. and Llopis, J. (2010). Information systems outsourcing reasons and risks: a new assessment.Industrial Management Data Systems,110(2), pp.284-303. Gorla, N. and Somers, T.M. (2014). The impact of IT outsourcing on information systems success.Information Management,51(3), pp.320-335. Gospel, H. and Sako, M. (2010). The unbundling of corporate functions: the evolution of shared services and outsourcing in human resource management.Industrial and Corporate Change,19(5), pp.1367-1396. Han, K. and Mithas, S. (2013). Information technology outsourcing and non-IT operating costs: An empirical investigation.Mis Quarterly,37(1). Hsuan, J. and Mahnke, V. (2011). Outsourcing RD: a review, model, and research agenda.Rd Management,41(1), pp.1-7. Jain, N., Hasija, S. and Popescu, D.G. (2013). Optimal contracts for outsourcing of repair and restoration services.Operations Research,61(6), pp.1295-1311. Lientz, B. (2009). Start Right in E-Business. London: Routledge. McIvor, R. (2010).Global services outsourcing. Cambridge University Press. Miozzo, M. and Grimshaw, D. (2011). Capabilities of large services outsourcing firms: the outsourcing plus staff transfer model in EDS and IBM.Industrial and Corporate Change,20(3), pp.909-940. Schniederjans, A . (2006). Outsourcing Management Information Systems. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Schniederjans, M.J., Schniederjans, A.M, Schniederjans. (2015). Outsourcing and Insourcing in an International Context. Routledge.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay Introduction Autism is a developmental upset which is characterized by impaired societal interaction, troubles in communicating, insistent behavior and a opposition to alter in modus operandis. Autism is known as a wide-spectrum upset. This means that the symptoms and behavior of no two persons with autism are the same and therefore each person has to be treated unambiguously. Autism can by and large be predicted around the age of 1 2 old ages when the kid does non demo the normal patterned advance in societal and communicating accomplishments. Diagnosis of autism is based on the behavior of the person as the cause is non yet known. Lack of fond regard to the primary health professional, societal deadness, obsessional run alonging up of playthings, trouble in address development and deadness to name are some symptoms that hint physicians to the diagnosing of the upset in a kid. We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many persons with autism show the undermentioned symptoms: Insistent behavior, rigorous attachment to agendas. The persons display marks of hurt and anxiousness when modus operandis are interrupted. They frequently display physical ticks and echolalia ( reiterating words or phrases they hear ) . An antipathy to physical contact and oculus contact. Sensitivity to loud noises, odors or sights. Autistic persons besides tend to develop compulsions and sometimes and intense fond regard to certain objects. They have problem showing themselves and frequently use gestures alternatively of words. They have peculiar address forms and do non mention to their ain ego decently. A few autistic persons besides have symptoms that co-exist with autism like fragile-X syndrome, Tourette syndrome, Tuberous induration, Attention Deficit Disorder, epileptic ictuss, etc. Besides, it has been observed that some autistic persons show extremely specific accomplishments in a peculiar country that is above their normal operation in other countries, like memorisation of trifle, increased perceptual experience to forms, high memory retrieval, extraordinary attending to detail. These accomplishments are known as sliver accomplishments. Some surveies suggest a relation between households with strong abilities in folk natural philosophies and autism. The figure of autistic persons was found to be greater in households with greater folk natural philosophies abilities ( understanding inanimate objects ) than in households with stronger folk psychological science abilities ( societal apprehension ) . The exact cause of autism is non known boulder clay day of the month and it is considered that both genetic sciences and environment play a function in it. Abnormalities in some parts of the encephalon unnatural degrees of neurotransmitters are noticed. It is noted that opportunities of an indistinguishable twin developing the upset is really high of the other twin is affected. Besides, the hazard of autism is greater in a household holding an autistic member than the general population. Scientists are still seeking to happen the cistrons that are linked to this upset, and many deductions have been made of chromosomal abnormalcies like omission, duplicate and inversion being linked to this upset. Educational and Social Interventions Over the old ages, many educational and societal intercession plans have been developed to help in enabling autistic kids to map in society and assist better communicating. They besides target the person s emotional well-being and societal interaction. Three of the chief intercessions are reviewed here. Social Communication, Emotional Regulation and Transactional Support ( SCERTS ) SCERTS is a multi-disciplinary educational and intervention theoretical account for kids with autism. It promotes societal communicating and emotional competency in of course happening contexts. The SCERTS theoretical account thrives on teamwork, shared control, and strengths of the kid with autism. The SCERTS Model is designed to hold wide applications and can be applied in educational, clinical scenes and in mundane activities at place and in the community. The SC constituent of SCERTS theoretical account believes that kids must a get capacities in two major countries of societal communicating: Joint attending abilities Symbolic behavior The ER constituent of the SCERTS Model focuses on back uping a kid s ability to modulate emotions. The ultimate end of ER constituent of SCERTS theoretical account is to back up a kid accommodating to and get bying with the inevitable and single day-to-day challenges. The TS, the 3rd and concluding nucleus constituent of the SCERTS Model includes the followers: Interpersonal Supports Learning and Educational Supports Support To Families Support among professionals and other service suppliers The SCERTS theoretical account plants by prioritising societal communicating, emotional ordinance and transactional support to hold a positive impact on kid s development and quality of life. FloorTime/DIR The FloorTime/DIR theoretical account is a technique based on Development, Individual-differences, Relationship-based. It concentrates on constructing a healthy foundation for the societal, emotional and rational capacities instead than merely a individual behavior or accomplishment development. This theoretical account caters to the individualistic demands of the kid as the therapies are given based on the strengths and alone troubles faced by each kid and therefore is a really utile tool for pedagogues, clinicians, parents or health professionals. [ 1 ] FloorTime is based upon Greenspan s theories [ 2 ] of six functional mileposts necessary for a kid to win in farther acquisition and development. Harmonizing to Greenspan, these are: The double ability to take an involvement in the sights, sounds and esthesiss of the universe and to quiet oneself down. The ability to prosecute in relationships with other people. The ability to prosecute in bipartisan communicating with gestures. The ability to make complex gestures, to threading together a series of actions into an luxuriant and calculated problem-solving experience. The ability to make thoughts. The ability to construct Bridgess between thoughts to do them reality-based and logical ( Greenspan, 1998 ) FloorTime/DIR includes synergistic experiences, which are child directed, in a low stimulation environment, runing from two to five hours a twenty-four hours. During a preschool plan, FloorTime/DIR includes integrating with typically developing equals. Greenspan insists that synergistic drama, in which the grownup follows the kid s lead, will promote the kid to desire to associate to the outside universe. Furthermore, Greenspan stipulates, in this theoretical account, the curative plan must get down every bit shortly as possible so that the kids and their parents use their emerging capacities for communicating ( frequently ab initio with gestures instead than words ) . The longer such kids remain incommunicative and the more parents lose their sense of their kid s relatedness, the more profoundly the kids tend to retreat and go preservative and self- stimulatory. ( Greenspan, 1998 ) . Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children ( TEACCH ) TEACCH is a plan developed by psychologist Eric Schopler. It uses Structured Teaching which can be applied in different scenes like school and home-based instruction. In TEACCH the autistic person is recognized for their alone characteristic or the civilization of autism . The plan can be applied to grownups and is non confined to kids. This plan develops an individualised program wherein the attack to instruction by the healers is altered to integrate single differences. This includes family-based interactions and instruction, every bit good as societal interactions with other kids. Though the chief method of instruction is through ocular AIDSs, linguistic communication is besides developed. The autistic traits are accommodated instead than being overcome. This is hence opposite in rule to inclusion, which emphasizes on educating autistic kids with non-disabled kids. However, as autism is a wide-spectrum upset, it is really hard to mensurate the success of any certain plan or theoretical account over another. Indian Scenario of Autism TULIPS School The TULIPS School was founded in 2002 by the Saraswati Mandir Trust. Its premier aim is to educate kids with autism and other mental development issues. Harmonizing to the Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995, if a individual suffers from non less than 40 % of the undermentioned disablements as certified by a medical practician, he/she is considered as handicapped: Blindness Low vision Leprosy cured Hearing damage Loco motor damage Mental deceleration Mental unwellness If any kid does non suit into the above standards, the kid should non be confined to a particular school and can be educated with other kids. TULIPS maintains a regular plan which is modified as per the single demands of the kid, and the instructor kid ratio is 1:4. The plan focuses on all facets of development including physical, emotional, societal and academic and besides aims to include 25 % of its pupils into the mainstream instruction system every twelvemonth. Saraswati Mandir Trust 135-145 Raja Shivaji Vidyasankul, Hindu Colony, Dadar, Mumbai 400 014 Telephone: 2415 5773 Electronic mail: A tulips.school @ gmail.com Apoorva Centre for Autism Apoorva Centre for Autism ( ACA ) is an educational and developing Centre started in 1996 by SAI with the support of the Lions Club of Sarakki. The Apoorva Centre is headed by Mrs. Nithya S. , a qualified Particular Educator with 6+ old ages of experience in the field. Soon the Centre has 55 pupils trained by 10 qualified particular instruction and rehabilitation professionals and 6 teacher-aides, 2 voluntary professionals, 2 teacher-aides, 3 health professionals, 6 educational voluntaries, and 2 attenders. The Centre besides provides practical preparation to Teacher-trainees of the Particular Education plan on Autism, conducted by KPAMRC, Bangalore [ 12 ] . The assorted activities carried out by Apoorva Centre for Autism are as follows: It caters to the educational wing utilizing rules of ABA and TEACCH. The age group benefited is 3 old ages to 18yrs. Children with ASD of 15 old ages and above are imparted pre-vocational preparation and steps are taken to place the suited careers for them. Post the vocational preparation the pupils are suggested available sheltered workshops that enrol them. Others who prefer organic agriculture preparation are sent to the yoga instructor s farm for 2 twelvemonth preparation. Post the 2years, based on their public presentation they would either be suggested extra preparation or apprenticeship and lasting employment thenceforth with the neurotypical grownup husbandmans in an inclusive work atmosphere. The tools used for communications are PECS ( Picture Exchange Communication System ) . Drama and Yoga therapy are a portion of the course of study excessively. Some of the parents have besides opted for the bio-medical intercession and some have discontinued it due to assorted grounds. The Centre besides caters to pupils who are badly affected by autism with other co-morbidities including intellectual paralysis, profound mental deceleration and ictus upsets. These kids are given developing in ego attention and assist them, maintain their day-to-day life accomplishments. A twosome of kids who have been asked to travel out from the regular schools due to terrible behavioral issues are being trained towards the National Open School system ( NIOS ) with regular school course of study and text books. All these plans happen across the 3 premises which are located in JP Nagar, Jayanagar and near Bannerghatta National Park. Each premiss caters to specific demands but they all meet one time in 6 months. All the installations are twenty-four hours attention Centres. The Pull offing Trust is taking towards a reprieve attention and a residential place or a community populating maintaining in head the state of affairs that would originate when the parents and health professionals are no longer present. The function of Mrs. Nithya S. is to assist program activities and educational/vocational plans for the kids and develop the pedagogues and health professionals. Apoorva Centre for Autism Lions Club of Sarakki Premises, 21st chief, 1st Cross, Marenahalli, JP Nagar 2nd Phase, Bangalore-78 Telephone: 08065710445 Electronic mail: apoorva @ SAIautismcenter.org The LOTUS Foundation Activities that are used in the rehabilitation of autistic kids include supplication, external respiration and speculation, motion therapy, music therapy, kitchen nine, occupational therapy, art and picture therapy, H2O therapy, drama therapy, societal therapy, communicating therapy and nature nine. Each therapy has its topographic point, clip and agenda in the twenty-four hours. Each is designed for every particular kid to mend specific challenges faced. As in any other thing, attending has to be paid to the measure and the quality of the therapy delivered. If under done or over done the same therapy could be counterproductive. The societal challenges faced by autistic kids are: The kid goes through immense accommodation challenges in his/her organic structure, thought procedures and emotions. It is hard for the kid, every bit good as his/her health professionals to suit into the model that society provides. The community and committed professionals need to widen themselves to back up the kid and his immediate household. Simultaneously work has to be done to change the current model to ease integrating of these persons into society. These kids have trouble with communicating and are easy led to defeats and aggressions that form a barrier to them being included. Opening out the communicating lines, ask foring more and more people to understand them and learning them self-regulation in pull offing their emotions and open behavior will travel a long manner to assist incorporate these kids. Educating the people in his environment suitably along with developing the kid to pass on efficaciously will organize the anchor of get the better ofing this trouble. The physical-sensorial demands of our kids do them to expose upseting obvious behaviors such as rocking, walking, whirling and shouting that can frighten away others and drive the kids with autism to remain off from the mainstream. Giving appropriate sensory inputs and at the same time turn toing diet, rhythm and sleep will greatly cut down the emphasis and ease the kid in go oning to take part in society. Queerly, the equals and friends are really tolerant and understanding, but the grownups instructors and parents have trouble in admiting and accepting the autistic in mainstream environment. The media s duty is in taking the facts and showing it to the common adult male in a manner that he will understand. Our petition is non to dramatise and do these as tragic narratives. The other side of the coin is that we do hold tolerant and sensitive people who welcome such kids. Whatever said and done, it is difficult to stay impersonal when faced with such a deep inquiry posed by our kids through their sheer presence. We observed that diagnosing of people in the Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased. 1 in 88 kids born today are diagnosed to be on the spectrum from really mild to extremely complicated. In the kingdom of inclusion , we provide services to efficaciously include the persons with particular demands in the chief watercourse regular school environment. We train and organise workshops for regular school instructors and helpers who are involved in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours classroom direction of persons with particular demands in inclusive scenes. The Lotus Foundation C22, Palm grove Flats, 9th Cross Street, Besant Nagar 600 090 Telephone: +91 44 24919802 Electronic mail: A nandini @ lotusfoundation.in V-Excel Educational Trust Help the kids become more comfy with their organic structures, overcome sensory issues to an extent that they are able to concentrate in category, travel out with teachers/parents, be happy and content at place. With this slowly emerging, the kids learn to show, talk and their will, to larn lessons and work at activities. This is done by: Medical Work: A Following the biomedical diet ( gluten free, casein free ) and a rigorous beat ( guaranting repasts are eaten at the right clip and kids get adequate slumber ) Course of study: A Following the Rudolf Steiner s doctrine, on taking attention of kids with particular demands. Knowing what lessons, motions, vocals, colorss, or work is to be introduced to kids ( woodworking, cookery, building, agriculture, basket devising, gold braid, and sewing ) at a peculiar age. In supplying the right input at the right age, the interior force of the kid is strengthened. The gait depends upon the group of kids, and the instructor goes as fast or every bit slow as the kids require. Lots of infinite is given for the kids to reflect, express, experience each portion of their twenty-four hours. A batch of freedom is given to the kids, but boundaries are really clear and house, so the kids feel safe. Bing Supported: A As it requires a batch from instructors and kids to work with kids with particular demands, aid is ever needed. Teachers and parents work together in seeking to understand and back up the kid. Teachers and parents are supported by the Healing Departments External Therapy and Counselling, so that they are looked after, and strengthened plenty to honor their committedness. The Doctrine: A The school tallies, such that the kid is at the Centre and everyone works together, understands each other, and learns to back up each other so that the kid may mend. Besides, in each human being there lies something that needs healing/understanding/attention. In turn toing this, the whole community coming together around the kid gets healed. With every inquiry that the kid airss, we look deep in ourselves for the reply. Not so much to state, How can I repair this job? but more on the lines of Why is this job coming up? , Why is it coming to me? , Where is it coming from? , How am I making this job? , Is at that place something in me that must alter? In making this you become more witting, as a human being, and more interested in other human existences. Relationship and people become an of import portion of your work.A Age Appropriateness: A We have learnt that largely in footings of their intelligence, the kids are age appropriate. However, when it comes to reading, composing, working making something with their custodies, they lag behind a few old ages. So kids in Grade Five still write at Kindergarten Level, but the course of study finds a manner to equilibrate that. They are treated their age, but the outlooks from them change harmonizing to how much their organic structure can follow. This is non a physical disablement but more a affair of involvement and will to pattern. Their weak countries are worked on slowly and given clip a batch of accent on motion and working with the custodies, pess and organic structure. The procedure is non a speedy hole or an immediate solution. It takes clip, forbearance and requires finding and difficult work to maintain working even if you keep neglecting. Social Challenges: The biggest societal challenge is acceptance. The kids are non understood, so the kids are non accepted. And non-acceptance causes a batch of hurting for the kids and people assisting the kids. The other societal challenges are covering with the computing machine age computing machines, music systems, etc. do a break in the comfort degree of all human existences, but particularly kids with autism as they are really sensitive. Electromagnetic moving ridges from electronic media do non assist in mending the kids. Statisticss: The school serves 75 kids out of which 40 45 are kids with autism. At Kindergarten and Grade Four the kids are kept longer than a twelvemonth as they are important phases of alteration and growing for the kid which require more sensitiveness, more work, and more clip. Now, there are kids from Kindergarten to Grade Five, and besides a Pre Vocational Section ( 75 kids ) . They have an early intercession plan. The donees of this undertaking are kids who have already developed, or at hazard of developing, either a handicapping status or some other particular demand that may impact their overall development. This includes kids with Autism, Mental Retardation, Attention Deficit Disorders, Delayed Milestones, and Learning Disabilities like Dyslexia etc. They basically work on clip edge plans geared towards early societal inclusion of kids. This is attempted through one-on-one remedial intercession, centripetal integrating therapy, and a well-planned sensory diet. They have had sensible success with instances of: Behavioral Regulatory Problems Arousal, attending, affect, fond regard, temper, ordinance of slumber and feeding. Musculo Skeletal Impairments Deformities, strength, endurance Neuro-Muscular Impairments Tone, coordination, gross and all right control, motor planning, balance Centripetal Processing Difficulties Tactile, vestibular, ocular, audile, olfactive Functional Impairments Eating, mobility, self attention, occupational Cognitive Impairments Attachment, interaction, communicating, ocular perceptual experience, memory, sequencing, safety consciousness, executive map Self-help accomplishments Eating, dressing, preparing, composing, societal accomplishments and countries of day-to-day life V-Excel Center for Research and Rehabilitation ( In association with Esvi Sarada Foundation ) 50 Sreyes, M.G. Road, Shastri Nagar, Chennai 600 041 Telephone: 91-44-24522061/24521986 Electronic mail: info @ v-excel.org Shristi Special Academy Shristi Special Academy is a registered charitable organisation dedicated to the authorization of intellectually and physically deprived persons. It was founded in 1995 by Suchita Somashekaraiah, Sharon Watts and Meena Jain. A multidisciplinary squad of specializers are employed to carry on intercession programmes and to advance independency and autonomy amongst those with a scope of disablements. The autism unit focuses on the appraisal and intercessions of local kids diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorders and presently reach over 30 childs. The course of study includes academic instructions, societal accomplishments work and vocational preparation. The Academy has a dedicated squad who work with people from all ages, from babies to grownups. Shristi Special Academy 13/1, 9th G Main, Byraveshwarnagar, Moodalapalya, Bangalore 560072 Telephone: +91 ( 0 ) 80 2318 0318, +91 ( 0 ) 80 2318 0186 Action for Autism Action For Autism was started in 1991 to supply support services to autistic persons and their households in India, so that people with autism are able to turn to their full potency. They provide support and services to individuals with autism and work through direct services, protagonism and research in order to better lives of autistic kids and their households. Action For Autism besides assists other states in South Asia to accomplish legal acknowledgment of autism and develop services for kids and households. They offer clinical services and intercession plans, and besides have assorted active divisions for preparations, publications, research and protagonism. Action For Autism is involved in assorted intercession plans such as: Parent kid early intercession plans The unfastened door twenty-four hours school Adhaar vocational Centre On-the-job preparation programme for work behaviors Educational intercession programme The bubble category: Social accomplishments developing plan Handwriting programme Inclusive avocation categories Occupational and Sensory intercession They besides have different appraisal programmes such as: Diagnostic Appraisals Functional Assess Occupational and Sensory Appraisals AFA offers an eclectic mix of behavior based methods and structured instruction. Elementss of TEACCH, Applied behavior Analysis ( ABA ) , Verbal Behaviour Analysis ( VBA ) , assorted signifiers of Assisted and Augmentative Communication ( AAC ) including Picture Exchange Communication Systems ( PECS ) are a portion of the methods used [ 14 ] . Action for Autism Pocket 7 A ; 8, JasolaVihar, New Delhi 110025 Telephone: 91-11-65347422, 91-11-40540991, 91-11-40540992 E mail: actionforautism @ gmail.com Decision The current survey of rehabilitative techniques has shown that the rate at which the thoughts such as SCERTS, DIR and TEACCH are deriving popularity is really high. Many foundations in India are efficaciously utilizing these techniques, possibly with some alterations of their ain ; to successfully rehabilitate their wards and to assist them go active in their societal and emotional care. The addition in figure of foundations besides show the increased consciousness about upsets such as autism, which were one time extremely stigmatised. These foundations besides play a critical function in assisting these kids get accepted into the mainstream. This is conclusive that India is fast nearing the phase where autistic kids can be successfully rehabilitated and included into mainstream society.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Comparison of the High Caliphate and the Golden Age essays

Comparison of the High Caliphate and the Golden Age essays The High Caliphate, including the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, and the Golden Age of the Tang and Song dynasties had numerous similarities. Both strongly influenced foreign lands, while being influenced by others. However, the many differences in the more individual achievements of the High Caliphate and Golden Age of Tang and Song are what set the two ages apart and make them singular pieces to a larger whole in history, proving them worthy of closer study and comparison. First of all, there is the fact that both eras included two dynasties apiece. The Umayyad and Abbasid and the Tang and Song dynasties were called dynasties because a succession of the rule was passed along the ruling bloodline. This was more of a forced and reluctantly accepted trait in the Umayyad dynasty that continued throughout the Abbasid dynasty, whereas in the Chinese dynasties it was an integral part of the rule, according to the mandate of heaven that defined the rulers as divinely chosen for the task. Both the High Caliphate and the Golden Age of Tang and Song also had a period of transition and political fragmentation between dynasties as well. Both of these periods produced dynasties with extensive empires in different regions of the world. The Golden Age dynasties controlled a large part of the East, while the High Caliphate dynasties controlled a region to the West that spanned from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. The reason so much land came under the rule of these dynasties was their extensive military forces. The army during the Abbasid dynasty was the most impressive in the world at the time. The only significant difference in the two armies was society's view of soldiers, as soldiers were thoroughly looked down upon by the people of the Golden Age dynasties. The two ages of dynasties produced effective, though different models of government and foreign affairs. The High Caliphate adopted and mixed some foreign governme...

Friday, November 22, 2019

A Comparison of Taylor and Fayol’s Management Theories

A Comparison of Taylor and Fayols Management Theories Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss the two management philosophies from Taylor’s and Henri Fayol’s. One management theory is focus on task while another is focus on people. Both theories have made contributions in modern management practices. We will discuss the theories and outline their efficiency and effectiveness in the current firms. FW Taylor Philosophy Taylor’s management theory focuses on task management. This theory is called â€Å"scientific management† or â€Å"Taylorism†. He found that two different workers performing the same task will have different outcome and the number of output. He categorized them as first class worker and average worker (Sheldrake J, 2003a). The first class workers are highly motivated and work efficiently rather than wasting time or restricting output. They are ideal works for many industries, but not all workers are first class workers, most of them are average workers. They only work slow an d easy until the wages they get paid. As the result, it drives down the production efficiency, because workers are not motivated. Thus, Tayloer’s task management develops the theory to show how to motivate workers toward a greater work performance and productivity. This theory is important to many industries firms; it helps them to using less time to increase more production efficiency. This management benefits firms create more output while still paying fair wage to the workers. The aim for this theory is to reduce inefficiency toward the output performance. Taylor suggested the wage levels based on output which means the workers will only be paid by the amount of their productivity. The more output they produced, the more wage they are paid. Thus, it drives their motivation toward a better standard. It doesn’t just increase the efficiency, but also reduce the working hours. There are seven approaches to improve the productivity in this theory. Select the appreciated workers and observe them to perform the tasks. Then record the time taken for each task and identify the quickest method. The last three are providing training, supervise workers to ensure the â€Å"best way† is carried out and pay workers on the basis of results (Stimpson P & F. A, 2010). In order to apply Taylor’s approaches, the task has to be specialized, so workers don’t have to be trained all the time and always under-supervised. However, Taylor’s task management has two advantages and two disadvantages. When we look at work specialization, it can increase the efficiency by using the minimum resources such as time or labor. It means that it is not helpful if the output is produced at the maximum outcome while waste many resources. Using minimum resources to produce the maximum result increases the work efficiency and also production efficiency. The other advantage from Taylor’s theory, a specialized work means a profession. The problems will be solved easily, because workers are clearly known what went wrong and how to solve the problems. Workers are always familiar with what they do, so they won’t waste time on finding out the solution for specific problem. Therefore, the work specialization doesn’t just explain the efficiency in outcome, but also increase the efficiency in process.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Research into Recent Developments in Gold Prices Paper

Into Recent Developments in Gold Prices - Research Paper Example Relating the context of recession to the price changes of gold in the international market, it can be stated that the revitalization of demand for the commodity in the recovery period of 2010-2011 led to the sustained and rapid rise in gold price. With gradually stabilizing demand along with the Customer Price Index (CPI) in major economies including US and UK, the purchase rate of gold also increased which further augmented gold prices to maintain balances in its supply and demand ratios. With reference to the above presented chart, it can be apparently noted that gold price augmented rapidly during the month of August, 2011. For instance, the average gold price was recorded as USD 1572.81 per OZ for the month of July 2011 which increased to USD 1755.81 per OZ in the month of August 2011. It is in this context that gold suppliers intended to foster the reserves of the commodity encouraging production as well as recycling following the recovery of the financial market. Although, a 7% increase in the mine production was witnessed, the recycling activity made negative contribution of 3% in comparison to the previous year. On the similar context, the demand for gold was also rising steeply in the previous quarters of the year, i.e. 971.70 tons in Q1 and 919.80 tons in Q2. Therefore, in order to maintain the balance in the supply of gold having lesser growth rate than the demand, the price of the commodity increased rapidly during the month of August 2011.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Contraception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Contraception - Essay Example Religion and culture plays an important role in following strict parameters for entering into the relationship. Unplanned pregnancy do not have a bright fate and may culminate into abortion which has serious repercussions at the later stages of life. Adopting contraceptive means at the early stages of life is also against the ethics and nature as it disconnects sex from reproduction and bring serious health implications. Mass population control is a kind of sterilization and it may lead to dishonest behavior, as the partners seek sexual relationship elsewhere. Therefore advocates against the contraception finds it equivalent to abortion. On the other hand contraception provides the liberty to the women to control her own body and keep the population low. It keeps the family small and also prevents the unwanted pregnancies. Contraception aids in better facilities for all the family members, they can devote quality time with each other and thereby contribute to the progress and development of the children. This prevents competition for food and space. It is the best means to control the population as every human beings must bear ethics towards the planet and mother Earth, by giving birth to too many children the health of the female becomes a serious matter of great concern. Less children in the family lessens the financial burden and also the burden on the earning members to the family and parents could afford for better education and better life and facilities to their wards. It is the means which must gain ethical consideration as it is for the cognitive development of the family, the smallest unit of the society and hence of the society and the nation. It is a means that brings gender equality and aids in demographic advantage. It is a means that brings us close to the nature and prevent environmental hazards. Thus contraception must be promoted by the government of all the nations to save the environment form burden which

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The United States Essay Example for Free

The United States Essay 3. Is there sufficient evidence in sources A to F to explain why there was an anti-war movement in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s? Source A gives sufficient evidence because it tells us many recruits were of low intelligence, this shows to us that the American government had become quite desperate by introducing conscription. The US was using all its resources which is a good reason for there being an anti-war movement. In this source it tells that most US troops died in the first six months. This indicates to us that there were few experienced troops and the American policy of only giving soldiers a one year tour of duty meant that more soldiers were to die, all because of a lack of experience. However most importantly is the fact that inexperienced US troops were thrown against experienced guerrillas fighting on their own terrain. This shows the situation the US troops faced which is good reason for an anti-war movement because so many soldiers would die needlessly. This source may not be sufficient because there are no facts, no statistics and no details. This is all based on unfounded claims. This source does not go into much detail regarding the mental stresses the soldiers were faced with. Also the source does not give information about the Viet Cong and their actions. These reasons are important in why there was an anti-war movement. Source B is very sufficient to explain why there was an anti-war movement because it is a photographic image and not the opinion of a person who may be biased. This source represents many graphic images from Vietnam. It shows to us that there was an anti-war movement because this was the first televised war. People realized what was happening so there would have been much opposition to the war This photo shows what American involvement has done. The only problem with this photo is that there is no evidence to support that the US did this. Source C is sufficient because it shows the difficulties US troops faced. It was by a journalist, which meant it could be read my most Americans. When people hear about these facts they do not want their sons and husbands having to fight like this. Also this source shows the effects on the Vietnamese people from US weapons. When people learn of this they are less supportive of a war and are therefore anti-war. The problem of this source is that it was written for a newspaper and the newspaper might have an anti-war stance and be biased about the problems described by the journalist. Source D is sufficient because it is showing how the Vietnam War is crippling the American society and economy. Americans want to preserve their society and not bankrupt it in order to support a war, this gives good evidence for there being an anti-war movement. Also this is a British source and being an ally of the US, it would be expected to support US actions. However it is not supporting the US in this source which indicates an anti-war movement, not just in the US but also abroad. This source shows that Lyndon is destroying his Great Society scheme of helping to needy in America. This is good evidence for an anti-war movement because it is affecting America internally. Many oppose this war because it is affecting them as well as those involved in the fighting. Source E is very sufficient to explain an anti-war movement because it tells how the American people can see how savage war really is. This is a very good reason for why there is an anti-war movement because people now know the reality of war and want it to be stopped. It really tells us that it was stupid that a democratic country did not censor the TV. Source F is the film Born on the Fourth of July. It is very sufficient in explaining why there was an anti-war movement because it starts off in the life of an all-American boy who is proud and patriotic. He joins the marines and serves in Vietnam. While in Vietnam he is wounded and left disabled which means that he can go home. When he arrives back his attitude is changed because of his horrific experiences of war. This source gives good reason for anti-war movement because it shows life of someone who has really experienced it all. This is a real life story which is why it is so sufficient in explaining the reason for an anti-war.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Free Essays on The Crucible: John Proctor :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible - John Proctor, a man with pride John Proctor plays the leading role in The Crucible by Arthur Miller. He was persistent, honest, and full of integrity. He was simply, a man with pride. A wise woman once said, "Do what you feel in your heart to be right--for you'll be criticized anyway. You'll be damned if you do, and damned if you don't." (Eleanor Roosevelt). Proctor was the protagonist of the dramatic piece of literature. When the play sets in to action, John has had a past affair with his servant Abigail Williams. His wife, Elizabeth Proctor is very forgiving of his sin, but John has his mind set that he will not confess to anyone else, in fear of ruining his good name, and reputation. The affair between John and Abigail caused the start of chaotic witchery and accusation. After the affair, Abigail became horribly jealous of Elizabeth Proctor. Proctor realizes there is only one way to stop all the witch hysteria in Salem, and that would be to confess his sin of adultery. Although he knows he should, he continues to be determined not to confess. Also in the beginning Reverend Paris is new to town, and John insist continually that he is only speaking of hell, and hardly ever of God, as Proctor goes on to say to Parris, "Can you speak one minute without we land in Hell again? I am sick of Hell!" (Miller 30). In the drama, Mary Warren places a needle in a poppet she gave to Elizabeth; John fi rmly demands that Mary Warren tell the courts that she really put the needle in the poppet that day. Proctor says to her, "You're coming to the court with me, Mary. You will tell it in the court." (Miller 80). Furthermore, at the end of the play Proctor is persistent by saying that no matter what anyone says to convince him differently, he would rather die an honest man and save his name. John Proctor took pride in his thoughts, feelings, values, and his name. It took persistency to make his intent clear to others. For many reasons, John Proctor is an honest man. By no means is Proctor afraid to tell you what is on his mind.

Monday, November 11, 2019

How Useful Are Sources A to C To Explain Why The United States Became Involved In The War In Vietnam?

Sources A-C gives us some insight into why the USA fought and got involved in Vietnam and reveals a number of reasons about Vietnam. I shall be reviewing each source from which I have stated above. Sources A, B and C. Source A is a primary public speech made by President Johnson (Lyndon Baines Johnson) in April 1965 just one month after the start of ‘Operation Rolling Thunder' helping to stop communism according to the provenance. In the speech Johnson is stating in the source, I quote â€Å"We fight in Vietnam because we have a promise to keep†. By this statement indeed Johnson did want his opinions to be heard and notified by his fellow American citizens, so they shall believe every word that comes out of Johnson's mouth. This was due to a promise being made by President Eisenhower when he was elected president in the year of 1953. Lyndon Johnson wishes all the Americans to trust in what he is saying to be 100% truthful and is trying to carry on regarding the promise made by Eisenhower and earn everyone's respect. The ‘Truman Doctrine' was also mentioned about. This is a list of every American President who had been elected in year 1948 to agree with a various amount of promises which they written then had to sign. Truman Doctrine was a promise they were fighting for â€Å"promised to help when there are any threats of communism†. So Johnson decided he wanted to do the same thing, so he signed and agreed once president. In the year of 1954, President Eisenhower and JFK started transporting â€Å"advisers† as the first president Kennedy would have wanted. From the tone of Johnson's words in the speech, you can tell he jus maybe talking in a religious manner and might even be a religious person within the speech. President Lyndon Johnson wants to reassure every single American citizen about the â€Å"Domino Theory†. This was a theory of a mid-20th century foreign policy theory. The title ‘Domino' is given to this theory because it can end up like a stack of dominos. This is because if you let one country fall to communism then each over country around that county would then soon follow falling one to another and become communism itself and Johnson was petrified of this happening. Lyndon Johnson is trying to make everyone go and fight in the Vietnam War. As most of the American citizens believed this is what would eventually happen if just one country did fall to communism and it's why Johnson is trying to justify himself. In the year of 1945 nearly all of all the American leaders all offered to help and give their own support of the Vietnam War. President Eisenhower was a well respected and great general of the war. There was one thing which was expected to be achieved or aimed said by President Johnson in the speech, I quote â€Å"the independence of the South and the freedom of the people of South Vietnam to guide their own country in their own way'. The Americans also think that they're available to strengthen â€Å"world order† because the U.S.A as democratic wanting to stop communism. Although there were two countries that relied on the Americans if they were at any point attacked which were ‘Thailand' and ‘Berlin'. If Vietnam was left to fight for itself, then it would increasingly look terrible on some of the promises which the Americans agreed with, due to American's believing it was their duty and their own right to fight for Vietnam. Johnson implied, I quote â€Å"to leave Vietnam to its fate would shake the value of an American commitment and in the value of America's word. The result would be instability and unrest, and even wider war†. I could say this source is being very biased, due to because Johnson is only giving his own opinion on what the American citizens want to hear, whilst he is keeping his real thoughts inside and not expressing his personal opinions. The source can be seen quite useful, but has limitations, as I have stated, it's a public speech where Johnson isn't really voicing his truths about what he thinks of Vietnam. To look at Johnson's person views, then I can begin to study source B. Source B is a private primary speech made by President Johnson in May 1964 according to the provenance. At this point in time, Lyndon Baines Johnson was only just elected president. With Johnson being V.P. (Vice President) he knew a lot regarding Vietnam and knew how everything worked. Lyndon Johnson became the thirty-seventh Vice President in the years from and to 1963-1965. Johnson was one of the major leaders of the ‘Democratic Party'. Also Lyndon Johnson was the one who were in charge of creating the â€Å"Great Society†. President Lyndon Baines in this private speech is discussing a number of things which includes criticizing most of his very own American citizens. I quote â€Å"I don't think the people of our country know much about Vietnam, and I think we care a hell of a lot less†. From Johnson stating these words, he is blatantly calling most of the American citizens dumb, thick and lack of knowledge about the Vietnam. With Johnson saying this, he has a very low profile on the American citizens and implies that the U.S.A cannot win the war. In public no-one would use the word â€Å"hell† like Johnson did in the speech, due to it being a southern religious Texan society which always stayed faithful and don't appreciate foul language such as swearing. Speaking in Private Johnson doesn't care what he is implying and doesn't have to bite his tongue to try and stop himself from voicing his very own opinions like he does when speaking out in public. As Johnson knows that none of the American citizens shall hear what he really thinks about them. In this source President Johnson is really voicing his opinions. You know this by Johnson saying, I quote â€Å"I don't think we can fight them ten thousand miles away from home, I don't think it's worth fighting for. What the hell is Vietnam worth to me?† Johnson is agreeing that the U.S.A need to stand up to communism, as Johnson is terrified of communism. Although, he is trying to get his personal views across which is stating Vietnam is not worth anything at all. It's like Lyndon Johnson isn't really concerned and couldn't care less about his people and about the Vietnam War. It's showing us that Johnson is scared and has fears of communism taking over the world as states and that the political consideration â€Å"Let's move on, let's go into the North† are just being selfish. We have to be very suspicious within this speech, as it hasn't been edited or tampered with and indeed if it's all whole trustworthy. Possibly was it taped? As it has been to believed that since President Johnson been president in the white house his office was monitored by everything that had been said by recorders. But is this really reliable and exactly what U.S.A. President Lyndon Baines Johnson really said? As I have stated before it can be edited in various ways making things sound different from what has actually been said, which could make this source a limitation. Source C is a secondary speech of a modern writer interview with Professor Noam Chomsky, an American critic of the war in October 1982 according to the provenance underneath the extract. The interview is talking about political reasons of the U.S.A and how they went to war which was to dominate Vietnam. Also to discontinue South Vietnam from independence and indeed there was an attack on South Vietnam from the U.S.A. Professor Noam Chomsky says, I quote, â€Å"The U.S. did not want an independent South Vietnam that was no longer dominated by America. It feared that South Vietnam might be able to reform and improve itself – develop it's economy- and that might work†. Chomsky is being biased due to him being an anti-American, and is therefore being biased towards the American country. To sum up the conclusion of sources A-C all have value and limitations. In my view source B is most useful as it's a private speech where Johnson is criticizing most of his own American citizens by using negative comments and is saying what he really thinks about Vietnam along with the citizens plus America. Once this private speech with Johnson's personal opinions and views about Vietnam, the tape was then exposed to everyone. Therefore source B is definitely the most useful out of them all.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Del Monte Fresh Produce

The plaintiffs Del Monte Fresh Produce Company and Del Monte Fresh Produce, N. A. , Inc. incorporated in Delaware Florida, respectively and the defendants Dole Food Company, Inc. and Dole Fresh Fruit Company, incorporated in Hawaii and Nevada, respectively were developers, growers, processors and distributors of pineapples by profession. The plaintiff developed a new variety of extra sweet pineapples, which was named as MD-2 or the â€Å"Del Monte Gold Extra Sweet†.The cultivation of this new variety of pineapple was commenced in Costa Rica. In the year1991, Cabo Marzo, which was a Costa Rican farm and one of Dole’s suppliers of pineapples, managed to procure Del Monte’s MD-2 plant material. Subsequently, Dole announced in the pineapple market that it had developed a new super sweet pineapple variety, which it named as the â€Å"Dole Premium Select†, in order to offer competition to the â€Å"Gold Extra Sweet† variety developed by Del Monte. Procedu ral History:In the Southern District Court of Florida a complaint was filed by Del Monte against Dole for breach of section 1125 of the Lanham Act; violation of the Florida Trade Secret Act on account of misappropriation of trade secrets; conversion and the adoption of deceptive and unfair trade practices as per the provisions of the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. The contention of Del Monte was that not only Cabo Marzo but also Dole were cognizant of the fact that the M-2 variety of pineapple was belonged solely to Del Monte.In reply, Dole filed a motion seeking dismissal on the grounds of forum non conveniens. Issues legal question: The legal issue raised was whether a case that involved companies incorporated in the United States and conducting business operations in the United States could be dismissed on ground of forum non conveniens if an alternative forum was available. Broad holding: In instances where there is an absence of an adequate alternative forum and where dismissal of the case would not further public or private interest, the court may refuse to set aside a motion for dismissal.Narrow holding: The Costa Rican court did not have the authority to sanction the remedy sought by the plaintiffs and these US corporations sold most of their products in the domestic market, therefore there had been an infringement of the US competition law; consequently, the court may refuse to allow a motion for dismissal on grounds of forum non conveniens. Doctrinal Reasoning: The court referred to Doe v. Sun Int’l Hotels., Ltd and held that choice of forum indicated by the plaintiff should not be changed, unless the facts of the case warranted such a change (Doe v. Sun Int’l Hotels. , Ltd , 1998). The court further opined, on the basis of Republic of Panama v. BCCI Holdings that there should exist, an adequate alternative forum and that adjudication in such a forum should be conducive to public and private interest (Republic of Pana ma v. BCCI Holdings , 1997).It also held that adjudication in an alternative forum could totally deprive Del Monte of a remedy. Policy Reasoning: The doctrines established by the extant case law formed the basis for this decision and no change to the existing case law was effected. Miscellaneous: All the presiding judges were unanimous in their opinion. References Doe v. Sun Int’l Hotels. , Ltd , 20 F. Supp. 2d 1328 (S. D. Fla 1998). Republic of Panama v. BCCI Holdings , 119 F. 3d. 935 (11th Circuit Court 1997).

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Columbine Tragedy essays

Columbine Tragedy essays The Political Views of the Columbine High School Massacre On April 20, 1999 a massacre at Columbine High School in Colorado occurred. High school boys, now known as the trench coat mafia, brought guns onto the Columbine campus and fired away at their classmates. Many of the students were wounded, and thirteen of them lost their lives. Of the thirteen was one girl who said yes. Her name was Cassie Bernall. She said Yes, when her killer asked whether she believed in God. Cassie was 17 as of April 20, 1999, and it ended up being her last living day. It was 11 am on that fateful day, when the trench coat mafia came into the library and started firing away at classmates. Cassie ducked for cover underneath a nearby table, but it wasnt much protection from the gunmen. One of the mafia boys approached Cassie and dragged her out from underneath the table. He asked, Do you believe in God? and she said yes. He then put a gun to this girls head and shot her. By noon, the killer took Cassies life simply because she believed in something he did not. It is so unclear to me as to why someone would take away another persons freedom like Cassies murderer did. She did nothing more than tell the truth, which seems to not have been good enough. Had she said, No, I dont believe there is God, it is debatable as to whether shed be alive today. Still, as her mother writes in She Said Yes her little girl probably would be alive to share her part in the tragedy at Columbine High School. Misty makes many very valid points as to why, even though her daughter is dead, she is proud of Cassies answer. Cassie has been struggling for many years to fit in both in high school and her elementary and junior high years. Although her parents were of the Christian faith, Cassie felt for a very long time as i ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

The Great War, a Catalyst for Changing Class Structure in Britain, Research Paper

The Great War, a Catalyst for Changing Class Structure in Britain, 1914-1919 - Research Paper Example More so, finally, arms race is also another triggering factor of the Great War because Britain and Germany had the best navies during that period and so naval rivalry between the two countries played a significant role in the emergence of World War 1. In 1914, Britain reigned over a quarter of the world’s population, it was a very powerful country, stratified in a class system, and that individuals were determined by their class ranks. About fourteen million civilians participated in the war and so they played a leading role in changing the class structure of Britain of 1914.2 The First World War changed the social class structure in Britain in many ways, first, it reduced the number of servants employed, increased the number of salaried workers, and increased ownership of the country’s wealth.3 This paper explores how the Great War changed the class structure in Britain covering its effects on the upper, middle and lower classes as well as the role of women in the how and how this change their status in the society. Class is a social category where individuals are grouped together based on their status in the society. It refers to an individual’s position in the social hierarchy based on their accessibility to wealth and power and this implies that those who are wealthy and powerful are ranked high as compared to those who are poor and less powerful. Notably, the nature of the class system is usually known by the distribution of wealth in the country.4 The British life was strictly stratified into a class system; however, during the war the traditional class differences were softened.5 The aristocracy was the wealthiest and most powerful people in Britain during the war, and they had influence because of their wealth and power. The middle or working class who worked hard to earn a living doing jobs like farmers and traders followed them. The British middle class valued education and generally, they work as managers, civil servants, or

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Importance Of The Sex Education In Cameroon Research Paper

Importance Of The Sex Education In Cameroon - Research Paper Example The link between knowledge and an informed stance is very clear and education is the primary basis of grooming children to give them the knowledge to make informed decisions. It is very simple to point the culprit of HIV and teen pregnancies; the lack of sex education. Therefore, schools or special projects must introduce programs to increase awareness on these issues at a basic level. Consequences of unprotected sex must be told to children so that they can make an informed stance. They need to make decisions and understand the grave nature of their actions. The lack of this education has led to the current situation with increasing rates of HIV and teen pregnancies. As of 2010, 14.23 percent teens in the 10 to 19 years age group represent teen pregnancies (Tebeu et al., 2010). The rise in teen pregnancies, in particular, suggests that teens are involved in sexual experimentation without adequate knowledge of the consequences. Peer pressure is also a major factor to spread the acts of unprotected sex by following a larger group. Teens making uninformed decisions can only lead to the spread of the problem by making others follow in their footsteps. Students who deal with low self-esteem and confidence are more likely to be influenced by peer pressure (â€Å"HIV & AIDS,† 2011). There has to be a barrier to stop or reduce this effect. These peers replace the role of what sex education is supposed to provide. Instead of getting reliable information, teens follow their unguided fellows. The responsibility for the lack of this knowledge falls on the parents and the education system. They are the two main factors involved in grooming teens and imparting necessary knowledge before they form adults. Furthermore, parents are often hesitant to discuss sex with teens and it is against the culture to discuss sex within family norms (Cormier, 2013).

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Social Networking Sites Negatively Effect Adults through the Windows Research Paper

Social Networking Sites Negatively Effect Adults through the Windows of Privacy, Productivity, and Health - Research Paper Example This will drastically cut the incidents where their information is stolen or used without their permission (Collins 2008) C) The effect on productivity and overall performance is significant. Many workers have been found wasting their time while surfing and using these social networks. Numerous steps have been taken to curb its use on the internet (Das & Sahoo 2011) D) Psychological and behavioral changes due to the excessive use of Social networking sites have been observed and the most prominent one is the addiction to it. Also many people have been found to become reclusive from the society and more prone to interacting through these websites (Mackey 2009) 3. In summation, the excessive use of these social networking websites has affected many users considerably. The effects of its usage are on both on the body and mind. Social networking sites negatively affect adults through the windows of privacy, productivity, and health The rapid adoption of the social network services has re sulted in numerous researches and surveys being conducted to understand its effects on the personal and social behavior of a person. Also its excessive use has resulted in many adults facing issues of privacy and breach of security when it comes to their information. Many social network service companies are now offering better and improved services that include reading comics, playing games, and better communications with your connections and many other features, which has resulted in a negative influence on the productivity of the individuals. Many offices worldwide are simply banning Facebook and other famous social networking websites on their premises so that the employees should focus on their work. One of the most detrimental effects of social networks that have been observed is on the health of the users. It has been now attributed to psychological and behavioral changes in many users and is considered to be a health hazard in case of excessive use. This paper will try to ev aluate whether social networking sites have a negative influence and impact on the privacy, productivity and the health of many adult users (Boyd & Ellison 2007). Since their inception Social network services have changed or revolutionized the way we communicate on the internet. People who start using social network services will initially do so for many reasons, but the basic motivation is to start communicating and sustaining relationships. A social network service can be defined as a service that assists people to create their own profile on the internet which they can either make public or semi public. Apart from this, the social network service will also allow users to connect with people they know or share the same interests with. The social network services serve as a platform on which people can view and find new connections and also view their friends and family connections making it transverse and interconnected (Boyd & Ellison 2007). Social networks have been widely criti cized for privacy concerns. When a person creates their page or account on a social network, they are required to fill in some information for their public profile. But there are great variations in the level of privacy offered by numerous social networks.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 Essay

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 - Essay Example This essay provides a thorough economic analysis of the economic developments in the Icelandic economy in the year of 2006. Ii is shown in the essay, that the national economy depended heavily on the fishing industry, which provided more than 60% of total export earnings and employs 12% of the work force. Iceland’s economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade and new developments in software production, biotechnology, and financial services were taking place. The tourism sector was also expanding, with trends in eco-tourism such as whale watching, hiking, and nature tours growing steadily. As Iceland had focused on leveling its financial landscape and opening its markets, it had created an imbalance in the economy. The resulting volatility threatened a return to the previous days of economic overheating. The employment numbers were good, but any disruption of current output woull change that immediately. Inflation, driven by overheating real estate and investment markets, was growing. These issues had to be resolved immediately. Through prudent monetary policy, inflation could be tamed. By implementing wise fiscal policy, expenses and debt could be reduced. In terms of fiscal policy, Iceland needed to adjust its approach so that the monetary policy could be adequately supported without resorting to continued and severe hikes in the interest rate. Simply, this meant tightening its budget maintenance, reducing its debt, and enhancing the environment for investment

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Using Thin Layer Chromatography To Monitor Reactions Environmental Sciences Essay

Using Thin Layer Chromatography To Monitor Reactions Environmental Sciences Essay Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a very useful technique for monitoring reactions. It can also be used to determine the proper solvent system for performing separations using column chromatography. TLC stationary phases are usually alumina or silica. They are polar for standard experiments or non-polar for reverse phase chromatography. The mobile phase is a solvent whose polarity is chosen by the person conducting the experiment. In most laboratory work standard phase silica plates are used. Different compounds will travel different distances up the plate depending on the polarity of the components of the mixture. The more polar compounds will be more attracted to the polar silica gel and travel shorter distances on the plate. Mon-polar substances will spend more time in the mobile phase and as a result will travel larger distances on the plate. The measure of the distance a compound travels is called the retention factor (Rf ) value. The retention factor, or Rf, is defined as the distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent. For example, if a compound travels 2.1 cm and the solvent front travels 2.8 cm, the Rf is 0.75: The Rf for a compound is a constant from one experiment to the next only if the chromatography conditions below are also constant: solvent system adsorbent thickness of the adsorbent amount of material spotted temperature Since these factors are difficult to keep constant from experiment to experiment, relative Rf values are generally considered. Relative Rf means that the values are reported relative to a standard, or it means that you compare the Rf values of compounds run on the same plate at the same time. 1.1 Thin Layer Chromatography There have been a numbered of important milestones in the evolution of chromatography in the last 100 years. Each of these milestones has signalled the start of an important branch of chromatography. Some examples of these are; partition chromatography (1941), gas chromatography (1951-1952), high performance liquid chromatography (mid- 1960s), capillary electrophoresis (1980) and capillary electrochromatography (past decade). In all the chromatographic techniques mentioned, separation is carried out in a column. However, it is also possible to carry out separations on a planar surface. Two examples of this are paper chromatography (1944) and thin-layer chromatography (1937-1938). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) replaced paper chromatography as the most popular, routine chromatographic technique. TLC was first used in 1937 to 1938 by Nikolai A. Izmailov and Maria S. Shraiber at the Institute of Experimental Pharmacy of the State University of Kharkov. At the time Izmailov was the head of the institute and Shraiber was his graduate student. They were searching for a method for the rapid analysis of galenic pharmaceutical preparations (plant extracts). As classical column chromatography would have taken too much time they felt that if the absorbent would be prepared in the form of a thin-layer on a glass plate. They believed that it would behave like a column but the characterization time would be much shorter. They coated microscope slides with a suspension of various adsorbents (calcium, magnesium and aluminium oxides). They deposited one drop of the sample solution on this layer and added one drop of the same solvent used in a column to develop separation. The test was a success as the separated sample components appeared as concentric rings that fluoresced in various colour s under a UV lamp. They showed that the sequence of the concentric multicoloured rings on the plate would have been identical to the sequence of coloured rings obtained on a normal chromatographic column. They called this technique spot chromatography and the result on the microscope slides ultrachromatograms. The paper on this experiment was published in a Russian pharmaceutical journal that was practically unknown outside the then Soviet Union. Its abstract was included in a Russian review journal and through it in chemical Abstracts. It was then read by M. OL. Crowe of the New York State Department of Health. He then adapted the technique for his own use. Crowe prepared the adsorbent layer in a Petri dish, added a drop of the sample solution in the centre and then added the developing solvent dropwise until sufficient separation was obtained. In 1947 T.I. Williams described a further improvement of the method of Izmailov and Shraiber in his textbook on chromatography. He prepared the adsorbent-coated glass plates in the form of a sandwich. The adsorbent layer was covered by 2 glass plates and had a small hole which the sample drops could be applied through. Meinhard and Hall made the next major step in the development of TLC at the University of Wisconsin. They used corn starch, which acted as a binder, to hold the coating on the glass plate and added a small amount of Celite powder to the adsorbent particles to improve the consistency of the layer. They called this surface chromatography. They used it to separate inorganic ions. Modern TLC started 50 years ago with the work Department of Agriculture Fruit and Vegetable laboratory in Southern California. He investigated the flavour components of the juices of citrus fruits. However, he stated that very large volumes had to be processed because the amount of flavour material was extremely small. Another problem was in finding an analytical method for the investigation of the juice concentrate composition. He followed the method of Meinhard and Hall that he read in Chemical Abstracts. However, instead of adding just a drop of the developing solvent he developed the plates as in paper chromatography. The plates were developed in a closed chamber and one side was dipped into the solvent. The solvent then ascended through the plate by capillary action. It carried with it the sample components and they were separated as a result. The experiments carried out were published and are considered the start of modern TLC. Egon Stahl was responsible for TLC becoming a universally accepted technique. He was also the first to use the term thin-layer chromatography to characterize the technique. This choice of name was almost immediately accepted. Stahl investigated various essential oils and obtained good results using adsorbent-coated glass plates. However, neither the method nor the adsorbent to be used had been optimized. Also, the adsorbents had to be modified and treated before they could be used for the coating of plates. Stahl started investigating the operational parameters and the adsorbent preparations. In the spring of 1958 his efforts were fulfilled as the necessary basic instrumentation, made by Desaga and silica gel G according to Stahl for TLC, made by E. Merck were both introduced at the international Achema exhibition of chemical equipment in Frankfurt. Stahl also published an article outlining the use of the system and a wide range of applications. Because of this standardized method TLC became a widely used laboratory technique. He also went on to publish a TLC handbook in 1962. Although TLC had a wide application it was still thought to be a qualitative technique for the analysis of simple mixtures. As a result advances were directed toward improving the technique. Instrumentation which permitted more precise spotting of the sample onto the plates and the quantitative evaluation of the separated spots was developed. Faster analysis and higher separation power was also achieved. As a result of the higher performance ability the name was change to high-performance TLC (HPTLC) by R.E. Kaiser, who was instrumental in its development. The particle size and range of the adsorbent was the main difference between TLC and HPTLC. The silica gel for TLC had broad particle sizes of 10-60 µm with an average of 20 µm whereas HPTLC has an average of only 5 µm. the HPTLC plates were also smaller in comparison with TLC plates, 10 x 10cm and 20 x 20cm respectively. The improved method and design allowed reduction in the diameter of the starting spots. These improvements lowered the analysis time and increased the efficiency. Problems arose with flow rate which Kaiser overcame by applying pressure to the TLC plate. This in turn led to forced-flow TLC. Due to the constant condensation-evaporation process associated with developing TLC plates in developing chambers problems can be encountered because of the changing velocity of the mobile phase. To overcome this forced-flow TLC (FFTLC) was developed by Tyihà ¡k, Mincsovics and Kalà ¡sz. In this method the spotted plates (dry) are placed into a pressurized development chamber. The stationary-phase layer is tightly covered and sealed on its side by an elastic membrane and pressurized by an inert gas or water filling up the cushion above the layer. The mobile phase is delivered via a pump at a constant velocity through a slit in the membrane to the stationary phase. There are various configurations which can be handled using this method. TLC is a very simple technique. As a result very little instrumentation is needed. Application of samples to the stationary-phase is carried out using a micropipette or syringe. The developing chambers are simple glass structures. Detection is carried out by visual inspection or made visible by spraying the plate with reagent. Also, a wide variety of precoated plates are available so coating equipment isnt needed. In more advanced systems the samples may be spotted by automated loading devices (dosimeters). This allows the application of small and uniform sample spots. More sophisticated developing chambers are also available (FFTLC). The plates can be scanned by densitometers and quantitatively analysed using absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Chromatograms with peaks of the individual separated spots recorded against the length of the plate are produced with such analyses. Their area is also a proportion to the amount present. More complex systems can also be created by combining TLC systems with other systems such as mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared. 1.2 Ink Analysis Ink analysis is a very important forensic procedure. It can reveal useful information about questioned document. Modern inks contain many substances which are aimed at improving the ink. The most important component of the ink is the colouring material. It comes in the form of a dye, pigment or a combination of both. Dyes are soluble in the liquid body of the ink, also known as the vehicle. Pigments are finely ground multi-molecular granules that are insoluble in the vehicle. The vehicles composition affects the flowing and drying characteristics of the ink and can consist of oils, solvents and resins. 1.3 Chromatography Studies Djozan et al developed a new and fast method for the differentiation of inks on a questioned document. They designed specific image analysis software for evaluating thin layer chromatograms. They sampled forty-one blue ballpoint pens which were purchased from their local markets in Iran (Table 1). They first wrote a circle of diameter 5 mm uniformly by pen on a paper. One fourth of this was then punched out for extraction. They carried out extraction in 1 ml glass tubes and added 0.1 ml of methanol. This was then vigorously shaken for 1 min. the ink component was then fully dissolved in methanol. The supernatant methanoic solutions were then used to spot the TLC plates. A blank sample of paper with equal dimensions was also treated in the same way. Table 1. List of blue ballpoint pens studied List of blue ballpoint pens studied 1 Cello pyramid 0.7 mm fine TC ball 2 OBA 3 AIHAO 4 Bic 01 5 Cenator 6 PARKER 7 A.T.CROSS FINE 8 Pelikan STICK 918 9 Marvy SB-10 1.0 mm 10 Bic 02 11 PIANO crystal 12 My pen 2001 PENS High Quality Bluce CE 13 AIBA 14 STAEDTLER Stick 430M A IRAN 15 Reynolds Medium 048 France 16 EIFEL Elegance 17 CASPIAN STICK 2001 M 18 STABILO liner 308 19 FABER-CASTELL 1.0 mm Medium (transparent) 20 BIC 08 21 Bocheng A-100 22 SCHNEIDER TOPS 505 M Germany 23 FIBER-CASTELL 1.0 mm Medium 24 MILAN PI 1 mm 25 Reform 26 PAPER = MATE FLEXGRIP ultra MED 27 PARKER UK 28 CANDID-DINI 2853 29 STABILO-galaxy 818 M 30 No name 31 No name 32 Zebra Rubber 101 33 SANFORD SAGA 34 Bensia 35 Girls 36 EUROPEN 37 PARS swiss Refill 606 38 STAEDTLER stick 430 M TBRITAIN 39 Lus HF 500 40 No name 41 STABILO bill 508 TLC analysis was carried out on Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) 20 cm x 20 cm silica gel 60 TLC plates without fluorescent indicator. The plates were activated at 60  °C for 20 min and immediately spotted after cooling in a desiccator. The plates were developed in a developing chamber. The mobile phase used was: ethyl acetate/ absolute ethanol/ distilled water (70:35:30, v/v/v). Chromatographic development of the plates was carried out at room temperature for 40 min. All mobile phases were prepared daily with analytical grade chemicals. Enough was prepared to supply the tank for each run. The plates were air-dried after development. The separated compounds were visible on the plate by their natural colour and the plates were scanned into a computer using an office scanner. An IBM compatible PC (Pentium IV) with a 2.6 GHz microprocessor, 256 MB random access memory (RAM) and a hard disk with 40 GB capacity for external storage was used for processing the colour images. The computer was equipped with an on-board graphic card (NviDiA Geforce 7300LE) and a scanner (CanoScan 4200F) was connected to the computer for scanning (300 dpi) TLC plates as digital images. The images were saved as bmp files. Matlab (Version 6.5, The Math Works, Inc.) was used to write a new program to process the previously saved images. Previous studies indicated that Pyridine is the solvent used with ballpoint pen inks. Djozan et al preformed extraction with different solvents using various extraction modes. These modes were immersion of paper into solvent and simple agitation for 1 min, ultra-sound assisted extraction and micro-wave assistance extraction. The results showed that the immersion of paper into methanol or pyridine and simple agitation resulted in complete extraction of the inks from paper (Table 2). Table 2. List of solvents used for extraction of ink components from paper Solvent Solubility of ink colours Ethyl acetate Ethanol Acetic acid Acetone Butanol 1,2-Dichloroethane Butyl acetate Tetrachloroethane Acetyl acetate Cyclohexane Methanol Pyridine Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Soluble Soluble No improvement was found using ultra-sound or micro-wave assisted extraction. Methanol was chosen as the extraction solvent due to the safety of the solvent. The selection of the plate was down to the fact that silica gel plates provided the best resolution of dye spots. They selected five mobile phases (Table 3) and found that ethyl acetate/ absolute ethanol/ distilled water (70:35:30, v/v/v) was effective in separating nearly all the dye mixtures. The spot capacity obtained was more than 15. Table 3. Different solvent systems used to develop plate Solvent System Ratio Spot capacity Butanol:ethanol:H2O Ethyl acetate:cyclohexane:methanol:NH3 Ethyl acetate:Butanol:NH3 Ethyl acetate:ethanol:H2O Toluene:acetone:ethanol:NH3 50:15:10 70:15:10:5 60:35:5 70:35:30 30:60:7:2 9 5 10 15 5 Fig. 1. Typical TLC results of 10 different ink samples (Djozan et al, 2008) Fig. 1. shows a typical chromatogram that they achieved in their experiment. To confirm complete separation of all components in the studied sample, two-dimensional (2D) TLC was carried out using various solvent systems. The results proved that the one-dimensional (1D) TLC is able to provide sufficient separation. The first stage carried out was colour image normalization. A function of the input images was computed that is invariant to confounding scene properties but was discriminative with respect to desired scene information. The calculation is as follows: Stage 2 is to compute a colour image profile. The intensity profile of an image is the set intensity values taken from regularly spaced points along a line segment in an image the intensity values are interpolated for points that dont fall on the centre pixel they computed an intensity profile for r, g and b images along the line passing through the centre of the image on the chromatographic development straight of each ink spot. Fig. 2. RGB characteristic of an ink after TLC (Djozan et al, 2008) In stage 3 the colour image profiles were correlated. The intensity profiles were considered as sequences and the normalized cross-correlation of sequences were computed. Cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two signals. It is used to find features in an unknown signal and compared to a known signal. It is calculated as follows for discrete functions: Eq. (1) For image-processing applications in which the brightness of the images can be due to lighting and exposure conditions, the images can be first normalized. It is calculated as follows: Eq. (2) Stage 4 involved computing image similarity. The weighted mean of and were computed as follows: Eq. (3) The ability of the method to differentiate between various blue ballpoint pens was evaluated by comparing the similarity of different inks according to Eq. (3). Fig. 3. Screen shot of Matlab software running (Djozan et al, 2008) Fig. 4. All possible combination of comparing inks with TLC-IA (Djozan et al, 2008) In 2006 Liu et al published a paper on the classification of black gel pen inks by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography. They stated that black gel inks usually contain several dye components. These components all have different colours and are mixed together proportionally to give the black colour. They used reverse-phase ion-pairing high performance chromatography (RP-IP-HPLC). It was done in such a manner as the dyes couldnt be reversed on the C18 column due to their high polarities. The maximum UV absorption bands of the black gel pen inks obtained were between 500 and 700 nm. The wavelength of the detector was set to 580 nm as most of the dyes had a maximum UV adsorption near 580 nm. They investigated the influence of both volatile and non-volatile ion-pairing reagents on the HPLC analysis of black gel pen ink dyes. All the reagents had different alkyl chain, ammonium acetate, triethylamine (TEA), tributylamine (TBA), dihexylamine (DHA) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr). The results revealed that the dyes were nearly not retained using ammonium acetate or TEA as the ion-pairing reagent. Using TBABr, TBA and DHA as the ion-pairing reagent, individually, the dyes were separated. TBABr was selected as the ion-pairing reagent as the retention times were shorter than the others and sharper peaks were obtained. They also investigated the buffer solution concentrations and the effect of pH on the separation. The optimum result was: 40 mmol/L TBABr buffer solution (pH 7) with acetonitrile as the organic modifier for IP-HPLC analysis and an identical proportion of the buffer and acetonitrile (v/v = 40:60) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. these optimum conditions were used to separate 50 dye-based black gel pen inks by IP-HPLC. Liu et al carried out another study on ion-pairing HPLC in 2006. This time, however, they studied the degradation of blue gel pen dyes and also used electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. They used ion-pairing reversed phase liquid chromatography as the inorganic compounds they were analysing have weak retention on the ordinary reversed stationary phases when separating on HPLC. This is due to their high polarities. The UV detector was set at 580 nm for the analysis as most dyes have a normal maximum absorption near 580 nm. The UV absorptions of the fluorescence whitening reagents in paper are usually below 500 nm and they had no interference for the detection of the gel pen dyes at 580 nm. Fig. 5. Chromatograms of blue gel pen inks using different ion pairing reagents (Liu et al, 2006) The tested various mobile phases: eluent A: eluent B (acetonitrile) = 50:50 (v/v); eluent A was the buffer of ion pairing reagent with concentration of 40 mmol Là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 (pH 7.0), and the ion pairing reagent was (a) ammonium acetate, (b) TEA acetate, (d) TBA acetate, (e) DHA acetate and (f) TBABr, respectively. (c) Ammonium carbonate as eluent A (40 mmol Là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, pH 9.5) and eluent A:eluent B (acetonitrile) = 50:50 (v/v). they found that 10 mmol-1 TBA acetate (pH 7.0) was suitable ion-pairing agent for the purpose and ink samples stored in different conditions were analyzed by IP-HPLC. Significant changes of ink composition were observed. The noticed that the natural aged inks had the similar but weaker degradation trend than the light aged inks. They used HPLC-MS/MS with ammonium carbonate as ion-pairing reagent to obtain the information of the light aged inks and their photodegradation mechanism. In 1994, Varshney et al analysed ink from typed script of electronic typewriters by HPTLC. They used script from seven electronic typewriters. They used the resultant Rf values and in-situ visible spectra of each resolved band of all the chromatograms indicated that the same chemical composition is being used in six typewriter ribbon inks. However, the seventh one is completely different. Fig. 6. Wavelength maxima values of in-situ visible spectrum bands of electronic typewriter scripts (Varshney et al, 1994) Fig. 6. shows the densitograms obtained after scanning and integration of the chromatograms of tracks of individual typewriters and blank paper. The seven electronic typewriter inks could be categorised into two groups after analysis. The first group resolved the sample to four bands including the base. The second group did not resolve the samples at all with the solvent systems used. Several varieties of blue ballpoint pen inks were analysed by HPLC and IR spectroscopy by Kher et al in 2006. The chromatographic data extracted at four wavelengths (254, 279, 370 and 400 nm) was analyzed individually and at a combination of these wavelengths by the soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) technique. They used principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the separation between the pen samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) measured the probability with which an observation could be assigned to a pen class. The best resolution was obtained by HPLC using data from all four wavelengths together, differentiating 96.4% pen pairs successfully using PCA and 97.9% pen samples by LDA. PCA separated 60.7% of the pen pairs and LDA provided a correct classification of 62.5% of the pens analyzed by IR. They stated that HPLC coupled with chemometrics provided a better discrimination of ballpoint pen inks compared to IR. Kher et al effectively combined LDA and PCA to classify the HPLC and IR data. PCA gives a general idea of how different a given pair of pens is, whereas LDA can quantify the predictive ability of a generated classification model. The two techniques of PCA and LDA were shown to be complimentary to each other. The PCA and LDA results indicated that although IR cannot differentiate between all classes of pen inks, it can still provide a reasonable discrimination, which can be enhanced further by improving the quality of the spectra. The analysis of such an enhanced IR data with chemometric analyses would provide a valuable non-destructive tool for forensic analyses. Raman Spectroscopy Studies Mazzella and Buzini used Raman spectroscopy to analyse blue gel pen inks in 2004. They sampled 55 blue gel pens. They first separated them into two groups using a preliminary solubility test in methanol. They discovered that 36 were pigmented inks, which arent soluble in methanol, and 19 were dye-based inks, which are soluble in methanol. They applied Raman spectroscopy to the 36 pigmented blue gel inks. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique. Spectra were first obtained using the 514.5 nm argon ion laser which proved the observation of 4 different groups. They then used the 830 nm NIR diode laser and divided the inks into three groups. They then combined the two lasers and a separation into 5 groups was obtained. They then attempted to identify the pigments contained in the gel by comparison to standard pigments. Two main pigments were detected in the analysed samples: PB15 and PV23. PB 15 is pigment blue 15 and belongs to the class of phthalocyanines. PV23 is the pigment violet 23 and belongs to the class oxazines. The argon laser allowed the detection of a mixture of PB 15 and PV 23. This was a better result than using the NIR diode laser. The results showed that the same gel pen ink (same model and brand) from different geographical locations showed the same Raman spectra. However, it was stated that the Raman technique obtained low discriminating values. 2. Materials and Method 2.1 Materials: Blue ballpoint pens Merck silica gel 60 TLC plates (20 cm x 20 cm) Methanol Ethyl acetate Ethanol (absolute) Paper Dessicator Developing chamber Puncher Glass tubes (0.1 ml) Capillary tubes 2.2 Experimental 13 blue ball-point pens (Table 1) were bought from a number of different shops in the town. A circle with a diameter of 5mm was written by the pen on paper. One fourth of it was punched out for extraction. The samples are placed in 1 ml glass tubes. 0.1ml of methanol was added and vigorously shaken for 1 min. The ink component was fully dissolved in methanol. The supernatant methanoic solutions were used for spot application on TLC plate. A blank of paper only is also treated as was a control which was a permanent marker. TLC analyses were preformed using Alugram 20 cm x 10 cm silica gel/UV plates (Macherey-Nagel). The plates were activated at 60 °C for 20 min and immediately after, cooled in a desiccator, and spotted. The plates were developed in a horizontal developing chamber. The solvent system included: ethyl acetate/absolute ethanol/ distilled water (70:35:30, v/v/v). Development was preformed at room temperature for 40 min. All mobile phases were prepared daily. After develo pment the plates were air-dried. All 13 different pens were tested in triplicate. Retention factors were calculated using the results from the plates and photographs taken using a digital camera were loaded onto the computer and analysed using image analysis software. Table 1: List of pens analysed Number Description 1 No Brand (blue) 2 Pilot G-207 3 BIC ReAction 4 BIC Medium (Bought in Tesco) 5 BIC Medium (Bought in Dunnes) 6 No Brand (Purple) 7 Staedtler Stick 430M 8 Roller Pen 9 Papermate 1.2M 10 Scripto Stick Pen 11 Papermate Write Bros. 12 Comfort Touch 13 No Brand (Tesco Click Pen) 3. Results and Discussion Before carrying out the experiment it needed to be researched. This research pointed out the importance of the correct solvent to remove the ink from the document. Djozan et al used methanol as their choice of solvent after considering other solvents (Table 2). They stated that Pyridine was the reported solvent used with ball-point pen inks. However, they carried out extractions with different solvents using various extraction modes. They realised that immersion of the paper into methanol with agitation resulted in complete extraction of the inks from the paper. Methanol was also chosen because of its safety. Table 2: List of solvents used for the extraction of ink components from paper Solvent Solubility of ink colours Ethyl acetate Slightly Ethanol Slightly Acetic Acid Slightly Acetone Slightly Butanol Slightly 1,2-Dichloroethane Slightly Butyl acetate Slightly Tetrachloroethane Slightly Acethyl acetate Slightly Cyclohexan Slightly Methanol Soluble Oyridine Soluble Different concentrations of the solvent system (Table 3) were analysed to see which gave the greater separation. It was found that the concentration given by Djozan et al, (ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water (70:35:30, v/v/v)) gave the best results. The Alugram silica Gell/UV plates were also found to work better than the suggested, Merck silica gel 60, plates without fluorescent indicator. Table 3: Concentrations of solvent system investigated Number Solvent system 1 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:35:30, v/v/v) 2 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:30:35, v/v/v) 3 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:25:40, v/v/v) 4 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:40:25, v/v/v) Table 4: Retention factors for all separated components pen spot 1 spot 2 spot 3 spot 4 spot 5 Solvent RF1 RF2 RF3 RF4 RF5 1.1 70 73 0.958904 1.2 70 73 0.958904 1.2 70 73 0.958904 2.1 62 69 73 0.849315 81.24194 2.2 62 69 73 0.849315 81.24194 2.3 62 69 73 0.849315 81.24194 3.1 57 60 62 70 0.814286