Corporate Social Responsibility in Banking

Question: Examine about the Corporate Social Responsibility in Banking. Answer: Presentation Corporate Social duty is a self guideline activity by an association to secure and advance manageable condition and social prosperity of the region that it works (Allen and Craig, 2016). Corporate social duty (CSR) empower associations incorporate with the general public with a point of accomplishing economical turns of events. CSR includes activities to moderate the earth and tasks that advance social wellbeing. CSR in banking alludes to starts that advance mindful contributing, human rights assurance, dependable loaning and manageable natural arrangement in it activities and accomplices. Banks have a focal job in the prudent existence of the organizations and have ability to impact their activities toward practical condition (Cristbal, Albo and Irabien, 2010). Banks offer money related loaning administrations in the general public that are utilized in putting resources into a few ventures that can debase nature. The accompanying report will examine the Commonwealth Bank of Australia Corporate Social Responsibility strategy on carbon impression. The report will dissect the Banks strategy to lessen the carbon discharge in nature and the capacity of the arrangement to decrease it carbon impression. The report will likewise contrast the Banks starts and arrangements and HDFC Bank in India on corporate social duty in diminishing carbon impression. Conversation Ward Bank Carbon impression alludes to measure of ozone harming substance discharges that can be related to a specific association (Carbonfund.org, 2017). Federation Bank is one of the greatest and most established banks in Australia with central command in Sydney. The Bank has a few branches far and wide and target clients around the world. The Bank is engaged with financing enormous undertakings in mining, agribusiness, fabricating, power, transport, assembling and property improvements. These ventures financed by the bank lead to high discharge of carbon gases to nature. This shows the bank is identified with the carbon emanation since it funds the activities. These carbon outflows are ascribed to the Banks carbon impression based on loaning. This shows the organization has different sides of the carbon emanation; one from the loaning administrations that the bank offers to organizations and the self carbon discharge from its activities. The Commonwealth Bank CSR Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprint Divulgence of Carbon Footprint Province bank has received Global Carbon Disclosure guideline that requires straightforwardness and revelation of the carbon impression from its activities and loaning portfolio when revealing in the yearly report. This CSR includes announcing all carbon outflow that are related with the business loaning portfolio in it budgetary year while giving the yearly report. This strategy requires the bank to set up a definite report that shows the effect of their loaning to carbon discharge (Commbank.com.au, 2017). This strategy additionally expects organizations to report their carbon emanation report to the bank. The bank utilizes this data to distinguish and follow up on circumstances that can improve its carbon execution. Mindful Funding The Bank remembers it job in encouraging turns of events and development through subsidizing. The Bank remembers it impact in subsidizing ventures that have sway on the earth. Empowering and encouraging improvements is the significant job of the bank and all advancement have carbon impression. The Bank has subsequently authorized exacting ecological standards and established a social and administration loaning responsibilities and Equator standards to be followed when affirming financing. This implies organizations looking for subsidizing from the Commonwealth Bank should meet the natural standards and comply with the social and administration duties. These measures are intended to guarantee the Bank impact carbon discharges by practicing dependable loaning. Execution of Renewable Programs The Bank has turned out sun oriented vitality to seventeen branches across Australia. These sunlight based boards have spared 40% vitality and spared 60% expense. The Bank is focused on creating it own power to supplant the flow use of non inexhaustible power. This sun oriented program activity is diminishing the measure of carbon impression of the organization (Commbank.com.au, 2017). This activity will lessen the carbon outflow that who have been discharged to create non inexhaustible power. Dwelling in Sustainable Infrastructure The Bank has rented new workplaces at Australian Technological Park from 2015. The bank is moving its activities to structures that are intended to accomplish 5 Star NABERS Energy and six Star Green Star rating. The structures are vitality and water effective. These structures are worked in current plans that ration the earth by diminishing carbon discharge and water wastage (Chakraborty and Roy, 2013). This activity of the bank is intended to diminish the carbon impression. This activity will empower the Bank demonstration obligation to the earth. Correlation of Commonwealth Bank of Australia and HDFC Bank of India HDFC Bank The Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited (HDGFC) Bank was begun in 1994 and was among the first Banks in Quite a while to get affirmed by Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The HDGFC bank has central command in Mumbai, India. The Bank has very much evolved manageability strategy to administer carbon impression. The Bank has a business reasoning that is endeavors to keep up balance between capita, nature and network (HDFC Bank.com, 2017). It has confidence in natural preservation for feasible business. HDFC Bank CSR on Carbon Footprint The business activities to carbon impression decrease are as per the following. First the organization has presented paperless banking. The ATMs of the banks have gotten paperless prompting decrease of carbon impression. The organization has started multichannel conveyance that utilizations Net-Banking, Mobile-Banking and Phone-Banking. This activity diminishes the carbon emanation that would be transmitted in tasks and client travel to premises. Also, the bank has started sunlight based ATMs in its endeavors to decrease natural impression. The ATMs utilize battery-powered Batteries that utilization sun oriented vitality. This has diminished the utilization of customary vitality. Third, the Bank has presented a vitality the board module in it 100branches across significant urban areas. This program screens and controls power utilization and limits wastage. The program utilizes sensors to screen. The program is likewise used to screen diesel utilization in the DG sets. Fourth, the org anization has willful reports it carbon Disclosure as required by Global Reporting Initiatives on uncovering Carbon Emission. The Bank has had the option to complete CDP administration record in 2014-2015 money related year. This activity help the Bank remember it carbon discharge and assume liability by following up on chances to diminish it carbon impression execution. Finally, the HDFC Bank has gone along to feasible in addition to for corporate practical name. This contribution help the organization direct it ESG investigation and measure execution as far as supportability. This has empowered the Bank to be appraised as Sustainable in addition to Gold Label. Correlation From the two records laid out in this paper, Commonwealth Bank and HDFC Bank are cognizant about the carbon impression execution in their tasks. The two Banks have activities planned for decreasing carbon emanation to nature (Svensson and Wagner, 2011). The two foundations are utilizing sun powered vitality as an elective wellspring of vitality to lessen customary power use. The Banks likewise dedicated to unveiling their carbon impression execution. Despite what might be expected, it clear that the banks center is unique. Republic Bank of Australia has extraordinary spotlight because of their loaning to carbon discharge. The Bank requires organizations being supported to withstand to exacting ecological standards and demonstrate pledge to Social and natural approaches. This isn't tended to by the HDFC Bank in India. The HDFC Bank has additionally presented paperless financial that preserves trees and decreases carbon outflow in activities and transportation. This activity isn't addr esses by the district Bank in Australia. End From our investigation of the Commonwealth Bank in Australia, it shows that Banks are engaging in activities that advance manageability through corporate social obligation. The Banks are starting projects and practices that monitor nature deliberately. The correlation of the India Bank and an Australian Bank, it shows that there is a worldwide pattern of associations to include in CSR activities to moderate nature and advance reasonable business without intercession of controllers. Consequently, it very well may be presumed that associations have gone to CSR exercises to get endorsement from the general public by adding to manageable financial advancement to the general public. References Allen, M. also, Craig, C. (2016). Reexamining corporate social obligation in the time of environmental change: a correspondence viewpoint. Global Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 1(1). Chakraborty, D. also, Roy, J. (2013). Vitality and carbon impression: numbers matter in low vitality and low carbon decisions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(2), pp.237-243. Commbank.com.au. (2017). CommBank's Sustainability Report 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/cr-report2016/cs-sustainably.html [Accessed 20 Apr. 2017]. Commbank.com.au. (2017). Province Bank actualizes manageability strategies and practices. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/news/media-discharges/2015/region bank-actualizes manageability arrangements and-practices.html [Accessed 20 Apr. 2017]. Cristbal, J., Albo, J. what's more, Irabien, A. (2010). Natural Sustainability Assessment of Electricity From Fo

East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

East Asia - Essay Example In spite of the fact that China had additionally affected the nation through its Chinese characters and its way of life, Asian culture as a rule was not new to the Japanese individuals. By this point, they discovered Western impact totally unique and new from what they have developed to know. Besides, the Japanese were additionally entranced with the innovations the West had the option to promote. This was the beginning of the Japanese culture of bringing in and â€Å"imitating† thoughts, particularly innovation, from remote nations. One of the famous expressions in Japan, â€Å"Wakon-Yosai† is gotten from the word â€Å"Wa† which implies â€Å"Japan†. â€Å"Kon†, which is another word for â€Å"Tamashii† or â€Å"spirit†. The word â€Å"Yo† implies â€Å"western† while the last syllable â€Å"Sai† signifies its short structure â€Å"Saino† or â€Å"Saikaku†, which implies method, expertise, or capacity. As a tribute for the information and aptitudes they have gained from the Westerners, they celebrated this expression to signify â€Å"Western strategy with Japanese mind†. It has likewise been accounted for that this word was additionally utilized during the Meiji Era. With Japan’s history justifying itself with real evidence, it very well may be obviously reasoned that Japan esteemed its characteristic capacities from the West with â€Å"open arms†. What's more, on account of their enthusiasm to learn societies other than their own, it has made the Japanese culture of being the â€Å"master of imitation† or their mentality of consistent adjustment and usage of present day advancements from external societies. This can be exemplified by the quickly rising advances that were imitated by Japan, from computerized cameras to copying machines, sound frameworks, programs, and other electronic contraptions.

Interview Discussing ADHD and Its Effect in Marriage

Interview Discussing ADHD and Its Effect in Marriage ADHD Adult ADD/ADHD Print ADHD and Its Effect in Marriage Interview with Melissa Orlov By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 29, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Orlov was kind enough to answer questions that impact many of our own Verywell.com readers lives when one or both partners in a relationship or marriage has ADHD. Melissa Orlov is the author of The ADHD Effect on Marriage: Understand and Rebuild Your Relationship in Six Steps. She also writes the Your Relationships column for ADDitude Magazine, runs the popular blog at ADHDmarriage.com, and is a contributing author to the book Married to Distraction with Ned Hallowell, MD, and Sue Hallowell, LICSW. Q: What are some of the ways symptoms of ADHD can disrupt a relationship? A: ADHD symptoms add consistent and predictable patterns to marriages in which one or both partners have ADHD. As long as the ADHD remains untreated or undertreated, these patterns can leave both partners unhappy, lonely, and feeling overwhelmed by their relationship. They may fight frequently or, alternately, disengage from each other to protect themselves from hurt. A common response for the non-ADHD partner is to become overly controlling and nagging (the only way to get anything done around here) while the ADHD partner becomes less and less engaged (who wants to be with someone who is constantly angry?) If your relationship is impacted by ADHD, you may see any of the following patterns: Chronic nagging and/or angerDistribution of household tasks is wildly unevenOne spouse plays the role of always being responsible (a parent role) while the other is consistently inconsistent or irresponsible (a child role)Your courtship was amazing and you couldnt get enough of each other, now one partner just isnt paying attention at allYou argue all the time, even over stupid thingsOne partner doesnt seem to remember agreements well or is tuned outOne partner has great trouble following through on things that have been agreed toSexual relationship has broken down The unfortunate result is that the divorce and marital dysfunction rates for couples affected by ADHD is almost double that of couples not impacted by ADHD. The good news is that understanding the role that ADHD plays in a relationship can turn your marriage around. Q: Whats it like to be an ADHD spouse in marital crisis? A: There is a spectrum of ADHD symptoms. Some people have no trouble with ADHD in one or more realms of their life, such as at work, but have difficulty in others, such as relationships. Those with the most severe symptoms find that ADHD interferes with just about everything. Among other things, a person with ADHD who is in a troubled marriage may feel: Secretly or overtly overwhelmed, since keeping daily life under control when you have ADHD takes much more work than others realizeSubordinate to a spouse who is running things, particularly if parent/child dynamics are in placeUnloved or unwanted, because he or she keeps hearing the message that he should change or do betterAfraid to fail again. As a relationship worsens, typical ADHD inconsistency contributes to anxiety about what may happen the next time one failsDifferent. People with ADHD understand that the world doesnt work for them in the same way that it does for others. Their minds are often racing, noisy or cluttered, and so they see experience the world in ways that others often dont relate to well. One young man described his ADHD brain as having the Library of Congress in your head with no card catalog. Q: What about the non-ADHD partner? What is helpful for the ADHD partner to understand about the experiences of his or her non-ADHD partner? A: As with the ADHD spouse, the non-ADHD experience runs along a spectrum from mildly problematic to unmanageable. At the milder end of the spectrum is a spouse who finds herself surprised and unhappy that her ADHD husband isnt paying much attention to her. At the unmanageable end is the partner who feels completely overburdened by the responsibilities she has assumed because she thinks her spouse cant do them. She dislikes herself and her husband and is chronically angry and frustrated by her plight. The non-ADHD partners experience is generally a progression from happy to confused to angry to hopeless. He or she might feel: Lonely because her spouse is too distracted to pay any attentionAngry and emotionally blocked - anger at the untreated ADHD partners inability to change their interactions or follow up on responsibilities can permeate many interactions. In an effort to control this, a non-ADHD partner may bottle it up inside.Stressed out - too many responsibilities, not enough help, and too much anger can make the relationship toxic for a non-ADHD partnerExhausted, hopeless and sad - it can be a real struggle living with a person who is not managing his ADHD. After a while, the repetitive nature of how unmanaged ADHD symptoms show up in the relationship leads to feeling as if nothing will ever change. Q: In your  book,  you talk about the destructive symptom-response-response cycle. Can you explain what this is, the ways it can be hurtful in a relationship, and how to break this negative pattern? A:  The tendency is to blame ADHD symptoms for all of the problems in the marriage but this is not the case. Both partners play important roles in their marital distress. ADHD symptoms create unexpected, often insidious, stresses on a marriage, as well as many misunderstandings. The destruction comes from the full pattern, thoughâ€"one that includes the symptoms, the response to the symptoms, and then the response to the response. A classic example is around the symptom of distraction, one of the most prevalent and important symptoms of ADHD. A distracted ADHD partner often is simply not paying  any  attention to his or her spouse. If the spouse doesnt know about ADHD then she will likely interpret the lack of attention as he doesnt care about me  any more. She becomes progressively more resentful at his lack of attention and starts to be short and angry with him. He hears the anger but doesnt know its origins, so is hurt and angered by her anger…and they head into a downward, reinforcing cycle. On the other hand, if the couple does know about the ADHD, an ignored spouse can say youve been distracted lately and Im feeling lonely. Can we go out on a date and spend some special time together? You can see how fully understanding the situation, and responding in a way that acknowledges the presence of the ADHD symptom, makes a big difference. But dont misunderstand me -- the symptom is at the beginning of the cycle, so the symptoms need to be managed, or worked around if a troubled couple is to improve their relationship for the long term. Q: You also explain to couples that it is not a matter of trying harder, but of trying differently. What does this mean? A:  You can take your knowledge about ADHD and choose tactics that will help you succeed. I call these ADHD sensitive tactics. For example, just trying harder to remember to do a chore sometime in the future probably wont work because the symptom distraction will get in the way and the chore may well be forgotten. On the other hand, setting an alarm on your cell phone that reminds you of the chore  at the time that it needs to get done  will probably work very well. The ADHD spouse may be distracted in the interim, but the alarm brings the chore back into his or her mind at just the right time. Q: For couples who are still struggling with the ADHD Effect in their relationship, but who are understanding more about the patterns that are occurring, what are some key points that they need to know in order to move forward, repair and rebuild their marriage? A: This is a two-person effort. You both must take responsibility for your own issues and changes in order to succeed. Conversely, you cannot be responsible for your partners changes, including whether or not to try medication for ADHD.Learn everything you can about how different you are and what your partners experience is. It will give you greater empathy, patience  and  even motivation.Optimize the ADHD treatment. Medications alone dont do it. I write about the three legs of treatment for an ADHD partner in a relationship in my book, and while its too much to cover here I suggest couples think in terms of a multi-pronged approach to treatment.Think about improving your relationship rather than saving your marriage. This will keep you focused on whats really important -- how the two of you relate to each other -- rather than on the logistics of your relationship. Logistics (who is doing what) is where most troubled marriages are focused.Ultimately, marriage is about joy. As you work t hrough the six steps for rebuilding your relationship that I outline in my book, remember to find something to celebrate or laugh about as often as possible. Set aside time to create joy, not just time to fix things. You both need relief from the effort it takes to change habits that have been built up for years. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Tesco Customer Services And Meeting The Needs And...

In this assignment I am going to produce report which identifying the expectation of client for my chosen organisation which Tesco and I will link the expectation of client to the organisation and the method they use to provide the Services and meeting the needs and expectation of the customers. How the organisation provides customer services. Tesco is worldwide organisation which is well known in providing services to their customers, the organisation is been operating since the early 1924 providing services to consumers. Tesco provide their services to its customers, there are many type of services that Tesco provides to its customers which are fast services it s called the 24 hours services which is aimed at customers who don t have enough time to shop around as they work at night and sleep throughout the day so their time is limited so this a huge services that Tesco are providing to its customers. â€Å"Three million Britons are working night shifts – and endangering their health† The Newspaper Independent has published an article which confirming that 3 million employees in the United Kingdom are working night time. The 24/7 hours services that Tesco provides is a great innovation that they introduce which is also beneficial for the customers who are working night as they don t have time to go for grocery shopping so Tesco has introduced a services which is called the 247 services for its customers this shows how Tesco are thinking ahead from their competitors andShow MoreRelatedTesco - Customer Service Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesTesco Ââ€" Customer service Customer service is the most important aspect of any business. Without an adequate relationship with its consumer base, a company is at an enormous disadvantage. Todays world competition is very strong in every kind of businesses. Every organisations must provide high quality products or services in order to survive, however their competitors also providing the same or comparable products or services. An important way to an organisation to get an edge over its competitorsRead More Tescos Customer Service Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesTescos Customer Service Customer service is the most important aspect of any business. Without an adequate relationship with its consumer base, a company is at an enormous disadvantage. Today’s world competition is very strong in every kind of businesses. Every organisations must provide high quality products or services in order to survive, however their competitors also providing the same or comparable products or services. An important way to an organisation to get an edge over its competitorsRead MoreThe Stakeholders Of The Business1367 Words   |  6 Pages(individuals and groups) who have an interest in and influence on the business and the way it operates. Customers Interests and expectations of Tesco Customers want to have a good shopping trip experience when they visit Tesco. They also want to operate fairly and honestly within Tesco stores. Tesco aims to provide a good choice of products, including sustainable, healthy and affordable options. Customers want to be welcomed into Tesco’s and they want the best quality things for the best prices. The mostRead MoreThe Macro And Micro And Macro Factors Influence Marketing Decision Process Of Tesco1101 Words   |  5 Pages Tesco carries out an environmental scanning process frequently to figure out all those business concerns and address them in order to remain competitive, and market force. Tesco has carried out an environmental scanning process for the business plan without doing such delineated process of scanning the environment, they would not be here today not being a multinational store. 1.1. Show the macro and micro and macro factors influence marketing decision process of Tesco. Macro environmentsRead MoreSample Management Principles And Practice1478 Words   |  6 Pageswithin a Business Stakeholders Expectations on Tesco Breaches within Tesco Conclusion Bibliography References Report Briefing Report will set out to identify an organisation (Tesco) major stakeholders, including customer segments, and detail the social responsibilities and obligations of the organisation to these stakeholder groups. Stakeholder Preface Stakeholders are individuals or groups of people who have a very large influence and an expectation over a business, they canRead MoreCustomer1411 Words   |  6 Pagesa successful company should focus on its products and profits. But now, marketers tend to regard satisfying customer needs as one of the key elements of achieving success under contemporary marketing environment where is filled with fierce competition. This indicates that many firms nowadays always attempt to identify customer needs and concentrate its production and strategies on customer demand in order to survive in the market. This essay will firstly clarify the reasons behind the trend, whichRead Morebusne1365 Words   |  6 PagesDue 7/02/2014 Aim The aim of this report is to analysis a case study about an organization called Tesco. In this analysis, I will discuss the purpose of the key business function in the organization. Furthermore, I will analyze the power-grid interest of Tesco’s stakeholder. In addition, I will analyze the key issue in the managing stakeholder. Finally, I will show a SWOT analysis of Tesco. Introduction The business industry is getting wider and competitive. According to HannaganRead MoreOperations Management in Tesco1597 Words   |  7 Pagesoperations in the production of goods and/or services. It includes the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient by using as few resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs in the forms of materials, labour, and energy into outputs in the form of goods and/or services. ‘Operations management is about how organizations produce goods and services. Everything you wear, eat, sit on, useRead MoreFunctions Of Operations Management At Tesco Plc3232 Words   |  13 Pagesof the resources at its disposal and by ensuing that its customers receive goods or services with highest level of values. Operations management functions as a strategic link between consumers and the senior management team with a view to meet consumers’ requirements in a way that they are fully satisfied. Framing of this paper This paper will evaluate functions of operations management in comparison to the business case of Tesco Plc. Tesco has been adopting best practices of operations managementRead MoreA Formal Report About the Marketing Activities at Tesco:2770 Words   |  12 PagesA formal report about the marketing activities at Tesco: Introduction: Tesco was founded in 1919 and launched its first store in Edgware, London, UK in 1929, however, over the decades it has evolved to become the market leader within the UK food retail segment. Tesco is among the largest food retailers in the world with revenue in excess of  £54 billion in 2010 and employing over 470,000 people . They operate approximately 4,331 stores in 14 countries around the world. The company operates primarily

Jd R Model And The Dual Process - 786 Words

In addition to the claim that employee well-being is linked to demand and resources, the second assumption of the JD-R model is that job demands and job resources initiate two distinct processes known as the dual process. The first process is hypothesised as the stress process (Bakker Demerouti, 2014). In relation to the stress process, chronic excessive demands diminish employees energetic resources, mentally and physically, thereby leading to employees experiencing strain (Bakker Demerouti, 2007; 2014). This strain, in turn, has been related to unfavourable organisational outcomes, such as absenteeism, as indicated previously. On the other hand, the second process, the motivational process, assumes that resources are motivational by nature and links high levels of resources, via work engagement (motivation), with positive organisational outcomes (e.g. increased productivity) (Bakker Demerouti, 2007; Hu, Schaufeli Taris, 2011). In sum, the stress process affirms that high dema nds lead to strain which, in turn, results in adverse organisational outcomes, and the motivational process asserts that high levels of resources lead to employee engagement, which subsequently leads to favourable organisational outcomes. The Role of Personal Resources Job resources may originate at the level of the organisation (e.g. job redesign) and at the level of the task (e.g. autonomy). Researchers have recently investigated personal resources in relation to the JD-R model and haveShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship between Academic Obstacles and Facilitators 2145 Words   |  9 Pages 1979). Strain has a huge impact on any individual’s well-being and may lead to exhaustion, sleeping problems or impaired health. As every academic institution or occupation has its own risk factors for stress, the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R) is a model that suggests exhaustion or strain is a result of higher demands and low resources in the workplace. Job demands can be defined as physical, psychological, social or organizational aspects of work that require a certain amount of skill orRead MoreSystems and Operations Management Mercedes Benz9163 Words   |  37 Pagesmanagement Abhijeet Ghosh, A4060514, MBA Intake 14 (Group B) London School of Business and Finance Table of Content Executive Summary amp; Introduction 3 Product and Services 3 Task 1: Operations Management 4 Operations Strategy 4 Process Design 4 Body Shop 5 Paint Shop 6 Assembly 7 Just in Time 8 Quality Management 8 Innovation and Improvement 9 Supply Chain Management 10 Task 2: Integration of Information system 12 Business Integration Server 13 Task 3: Job Design 14 LeanRead MoreMultinational Business Finance 10th Edition Solution Manual41185 Words   |  165 Pages Financial Goals Corporate Governance 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 Problem # 1.1: Shareholder Returns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Problem # 1.2: Shareholder Choices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Problem # 1.3: Microsoft s Dividend†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... Problem # 1.4: Dual Classes of Common Stock†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Problem # 1.5: Corporate Governance: Minority Shareholder Control†¦ Problem # 1.6: Price/Earnings Ratios and Acquisitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Problem # 1.7: Corporate Governance: Overstating Earnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Problem # 1.8: CarltonRead MoreLow Employment Rates Of Minority Leaders At A Private2582 Words   |  11 Pagessocioeconomic status, and sexual orientation (Thelin, 2011). 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Classical inventory models have generally focused on demand uncertainty and established best practices to mitigate demand risk. However, supply risk can have very diï ¬â‚¬erent impacts on the optimal inventory management policies and can even reverse what is known about best practices

Why Do People Attend College or University Free Essays

Why do people attend college or university? After high school graduated, many people will get a job and work in our society. But also many people will choose to attend college or university. If I have a chance in the future, I will definitely go to college. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do People Attend College or University? or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two reasons that I think why people will attend college or university. One is can learn more knowledge. Another one is to get a higher paying job. First of all, things that people learn from high school are very basic and shallow. For example, in history class, we might know that George Washington led his army won war and United States became independent. We all got this, but we didn’t know what he did in detail. So we couldn’t say we already get all of that, it was piece of cake. That is wrong. Thus, people will continue to study more and then the better for that is go to college or university. Also some people may want to learn a special skill like how to fix a car, and then they will go to the mechanic university. There are various types of subjects that you can learn more from college or university, just people want to improve themselves. Moreover, people have studied in college or university can get a better opportunity in finding a job when they step into the society formally. Like some people are not so well-off, they will have an idea, â€Å"I need to working harder than the other students. † This thinking brings them into college or university. So they may get a college diploma, master degree, or doctor degree later. So when they apply for a job, the chance they can get into the good company is easier. For instance, to be a manager in the John Hancock Tower, you must get a good salary like more than $8000. The reason to get a higher paying job is to improve your own life. All in all, I think people apply for college or university because of those two reasons. But also you can meet a lot of intelligent friends, who can help you in the future, and you will become a good boy or girl with them by the influence form those friends. But anyway, â€Å"no pain, no gain. † How to cite Why Do People Attend College or University?, Essay examples

To Give Is Better Than to Receive free essay sample

To Give Is Better Than To Receive Today’s society is plagued with a disease called homelessness. This can be a great downfall of modern society. Homelessness has been more common in most countries today. Due to this and some experiences I have encountered, I came to a realization that to give is better than to receive. Sometimes people do not fully understand a maxim or a dictum until they have a personal encounter that made them comprehend the concept fully. About six months ago a tragic event happened to one of my relatives. My uncle and his family had become homeless. This unfortunate event affected their lives immensely. This not only affected their family but also their relative family, including myself. They struggled with everything. It came to one day where they got evicted out of their house and got their cars taken from them because they were unable to pay for it. We will write a custom essay sample on To Give Is Better Than to Receive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My uncle had no job and my aunt was the only one in the household working. Life was not easy for them at all. Some say that the most common reasons people end up in homelessness is because of lack of education, poor work habits, shortage of affordability, mental illnesses, or just plain old bad luck. In their case the cause of them being homeless is still unknown and to me fell under the reason of just plain old bad luck. Upon hearing such tragic news, my family and I took it upon ourselves to help out in every and any way possible. We helped them financially and housed them in our house for a long period of time until they could stand on their own. It took them a long time to get to that position where they could actually stand on their own and make a living for themselves, but until then we were there for them at all times. My cousins moved to the same school as me and my sisters and we helped them get used to the school and catch up on anything they needed help with. My sisters and I tried to make them feel at home. For me, this was a real eye opener because anyone can be placed in a position where they may become homeless. I also realized that giving anything you have to those in need is way much fulfilling than receiving. It gave me a feeling of satisfaction and accomplishment. Just simply helping my own relation made me feel good inside, regardless of the hardships we went through to make them feel at home, I felt a sense of accomplishment. Sometimes it is important to take ourselves out of the picture for once and put others in. The world does not revolve around us. â€Å"Making a contribution to the lives of other people may help extend our own lives,† said University of Michigan psychologist. I agree with this quote because it is true. In other words, it is not what we get from relationships that make contact with others so beneficial, it is what we give. I find it a great pleasure to give than to receive, its the feel good factor that does it. You know in yourself that once you have given something to someone, how happy you have made them feel.

Project on Budgetary Control Essay Essays

Project on Budgetary Control Essay Essays Project on Budgetary Control Essay Paper Project on Budgetary Control Essay Paper 1. A budget is concerned for a definite future period. 2. A budget is a written papers. 3. A budget is a elaborate program of all the economic activities of a concern. 4. All the sections of a concern unit co-operate for the readying of a concern budget. 5. Budget is a mean to accomplish concern and it is non an terminal in itself. 6. Budget demands to be updated. corrected and controlled every clip when fortunes alterations. Therefore it is a uninterrupted procedure. 7. Budget helps in planning. coordination and control. 8. Different types of budgets are prepared by industries harmonizing to concern demands. 9. A budget acts a concern barometer. 10. Budget is normally prepared in the visible radiation of Past Experience. 11. Budget is a changeless enterprise of the Management. 2 Preparation OF BUDGETS 1. Definition of aims: A budget being a program for the accomplishment of certain operational aims. it is desirable that the same are defined exactly. The aims should be written out ; the countries of control demarcated ; and points of gross and outgo to be covered by the budget stated. This will give a clear apprehension of the program and its range to all those who must collaborate to do it a success. 2. Location of the key ( or budget ) factor: There is normally one factor ( sometimes there may be more than one ) which sets a bound to the entire activity. For case. in India today sometimes non-availability of power does non let production to increase inspite of heavy demand. Similarly. deficiency of demand may restrict production. Such a factor is known as cardinal factor. For proper budgeting. it must be located and estimated decently. 3. Appointment of accountant: Formulation of a budget normally requires wholeclip services of a senior executive ; he must be assisted in this work by a Budget Committee. dwelling of all the caputs of section along with the Managing Director as the Chairman. The Controller is responsible for co-ordinating and development of budget programmes and fixing the manual of direction. known as Budget manual. The Budget manual is a agenda. papers or brochure which shows. in written forms the budgeting administration and processs. The manual should be good written and indexed so that a transcript thereof may be given to each departmental caput for counsel. 3 4. Budget period: The period covered by a budget is known as budget period. There is no general regulation regulating the choice of the budget period. In pattern the Budget Committee determines the length of the budget period suited for the concern. Normally. a calendar twelvemonth or a period coextensive with the fiscal twelvemonth is adopted. The budget period is so sub-divided into shorter periods- it may be months or quarters or such periods as coincide with period of trading activity. 5. Standard of activity or end product: For fixing budgets for the hereafter. past statistics can non be wholly relied upon. for the past normally represents a combination of good and bad factors. Therefore. though consequences of the yesteryear should be studied but these should merely be applied when there is a likeliness of similar conditions reiterating in the hereafter. Besides. while puting the marks for the hereafter. it must be remembered that in a progressive concern. the accomplishment of a twelvemonth must transcend those of earlier old ages. Therefore what was good in the yesteryear is merely just for the current twelvemonth. In budgeting. repairing the budget of gross revenues and of capital outgo are most of import since these budgets determine the extent of development activity. For budgeting gross revenues. one must see the tendency of economic activity of the state. reactions of salesmen. clients and employees. consequence of monetary value alterations on gross revenues. the proviso for advertizement run program capacity etc. 4 Meaning of Budgetary Control: The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England and Wales has defined the footings ‘budgetary control’ as â€Å"Budgetary control is the constitution of budgets associating to theduties of executives of a policy and the uninterrupted comparing of the existent with the budgeted consequences. either to secure by single action the aim of the policy or to supply a footing for its alteration. † It is the system of direction control and accounting in which all the operations are forecasted and planned in progress to the extent possible and the existent consequences compared with the forecasted and planned 1s. Budgetary Control Involves: 1. Constitution of budgets 2. Continuous comparing of actuals with budgets for accomplishment of marks 3. Revision of budgets after sing changed fortunes 4. Puting the duty for failure to accomplish the budget marks. The outstanding characteristics of Budgetary Control System are as follows: 1. Determining the aims to be achieved. over the budget period. and the policy or policies that might be adopted for the accomplishment of these terminals. 2. Determining the assortment of activities that should be undertaken for the accomplishment of the aims. 3. Pulling up a program or a strategy of operation in regard of each category of activity. in physical every bit good as pecuniary footings for the full budget period and its parts. 5 4. Puting out a system of comparing of existent public presentation by each individual. subdivision or section with the relevant budget and finding of causes for the disagreements. if any. 5. Guaranting that disciplinary action will be taken where the program is non being achieved and. if that be non possible. for the alteration of the program. In brief. it is a system to help direction in the allotment of duty and authorization. to supply it with assistance for doing. gauging and be aftering for the hereafter and to ease the analysis of the fluctuation between estimated and existent public presentation. In order that budgetary control may work efficaciously. it is necessary that the concern should develop proper footing of measuring or criterions with which to measure the efficiency of operations. i. e. . it should hold in operation a system of standard costing. Besides this. the organisation of the concern should be so incorporate that all lines of authorization and duty are laid. allocated and defined. This is indispensable since the system of budgetary control postulates separation of maps and division of duties and therefore requires that the organisation shall be planned in such a modethat everyone. from the Managing Director down to the Shop Foreman. will hold his responsibilities decently defined. Aims of Budgetary Control System: 1. Portraying with preciseness the overall purposes of the concern and finding marks of public presentation for each subdivision or section of the concern. 2. Puting down the duties of each of the executives and other forces so that everyone knows what is expected of him and how he will be judged. Budgetary control is 6 one of the few ways in which an nonsubjective appraisal of executives or section is possible. 3. Supplying a footing for the comparing of existent public presentation with the preset marks and probe of divergence. if any. of existent public presentation and disbursals from the budgeted figures. This of course helps in following disciplinary steps. 4. Guaranting the best usage of all available resources to maximise net income or production. capable to the confining factors. Since budgets can non be decently drawn up without sing all facets normally there is good co-ordination when a system of budgetary control operates. 5. Co-coordinating the assorted activities of the concern. and centralising control and yet enabling direction to deconcentrate duty and delegate authorization in the overall involvement of the concern. 6. Engendering a spirit of careful premeditation. appraisal of what is possible and an effort at it. It leads to dynamism without foolhardiness. Of class. much depends on the aims of the house and the energy of its direction. 7. Supplying a footing for alteration of current and future policies. 8. Pulling up long scope programs with a just step of truth. 9. Supplying a yardstick against which existent consequences can be compared. Working of a budgetary control system: The duty for successfully presenting and implementing a Budgetary Control System rests with the Budget Committee moving through the Budget Officer. The Budget Committee would be composed of all functional caputs and a member from the Board to 7 preside over and steer the deliberations. The chief duties of the Budget Officer are: 1. To help in the readying of the assorted budgets by organizing the work of the histories section which is usually responsible to roll up the budgets- with the relevant functional sectionslike Gross saless. Production. Plant care etc. ; 2. To send on the budget to the persons who are responsible to adhere to them. and to steer them in get the better ofing any practical troubles in its working ; 3. To fix the periodical budget studies for circulation to the persons concerned ; 4. To follow-up action to be taken on the budget studies ; 5. To fix an overall budget working study for treatment at the Budget Committee meetings and to guarantee followup on the lines of action suggested by the Committee ; 6. To fix periodical studies for the Board meeting. Comparing the budgeted Net income and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet with the existent consequences attained. It is necessary that every budget shou ld be exhaustively discussed with the functional caput before it is finalized. It is the responsibility of the Budget Officer to see that the periodical budget studies are supplied to the receivers at frequent intervals every bit far as possible. The efficiency of the Budget Officer. and through him of the Budget Committee. will be judged more by the smooth working of the system and the understanding between the existent figures and the budgeted figures. Budgets are chiefly an inducement and a challenge for better public presentation ; it is up to the 8 Budget Officer to see that attending of the different functional caputs is drawn to it to confront the challenge in a successful mode. Advantages of Budgetary Control System: 1. The usage of budgetary control system enables the direction of a concern concern to carry on its concern activities in the efficient mode. 2. It is a powerful instrument used by concern houses for the control of their outgo. It in fact provides a yardstick for mensurating and measuring the public presentation of persons and their sections. 3. It reveals the divergences to direction. from the budgeted figures after doing a comparing with existent figures. 4. Effective use of assorted resources like- men. stuff. machinery and money is made possible. as the production is planned after taking them into history. 5. It helps in the reappraisal of current tendencies and framing of future policies. 6. It creates suited conditions for the execution of standard bing system in a concern organisation. 7. It inculcates the feeling of costconsciousness among workers. 8. It helps the principal of direction by exclusion to use. 9. Management which has devel oped a good ordered budget programs and which operate consequently. have greater favor from recognition bureaus. 9 Restrictions of Budgetary Control System: 1. Based on Estimates: Budgets may or may non be true. as they are based on estimations. 2. Time factor: Budgets can non be executed automatically. Accuracy in budgeting comes through experience. Management must non anticipate excessively much during the development period. 3. Cooperation Required: Staff co-operation is normally non available during budgetary control exercising. The success of the budgetary control depends upon willing co-operation and teamwork. 4. Expensive: Its execution is rather expensive. No budgetary programme can be successful unless equal agreements are made for supervising and disposal. 5. Not a replacement for direction: Budget is merely a managerial tool. It can non replace direction. 6. Rigid papers: Budgets are considered as stiff papers. But in world. firm’s personal businesss continuously change under inflationary force per unit area and altering authorities policies. 10 ZERO BASE BUDGETS The technique of zero base budgeting suggests that an administration should non merely do determinations about the proposed new programmes. but should besides reexamine the rightness of the bing programmes from clip to clip. Such a reappraisal should peculiarly be done of such duty Centres where there is comparatively high proportion of discretional costs. Costss of this type depend on the discretion or policies of the duty Centre or top directors. These costs have no direct relation to volume of activity. Hence. direction discretion typically determines the sum budgeted. Some illustrations are: outgo on research and development. forces disposal. legal consultative services. Zero base budgeting. as the term suggests. examines or reviews a programme or map or duty from ‘scratch’ . The referee returns on thepremise that nil is to be allowed. The director suggesting the activity has. hence. to warrant that the activity is indispensable and the assorted sum s asked for are sensible taking into history the end products or consequences or volume of activity envisaged. No activity or disbursal is allowed merely because it was being allowed or done in the past. Therefore harmonizing to this technique each programme. whether new or bing. must be justified in its entireness each clip a new budget is formulated. It involves: 1. Covering with peculiarly all elements of mangers’ budget requests 2. Critical scrutiny of on-going activities along with the freshly proposed activities 3. Supplying each trough a scope of pick in puting precedences in regard of different activities and in allocating resources. 11 Procedure of Zero Base Budgeting: The undermentioned stairss are involved in Zero base budgeting: Determining the aims of budgeting: The aim may be ‘to consequence cost decrease in staff operating expenses or it may be to drop. after careful analysis. undertakings which do non suit into accomplishment of the organisations objectives etc. Deciding on range of application: The extent to which zero base budgeting is to be introduced has to be decided. i. e. whether it will be introduced in all countries of the organisation’s activities or merely in a few selected countries on test footing. Developing determination units Decision units for which cost-benefit analysis is proposed hold to be developed so as to get at determinations whether they should be allowed to go on or to be dropped. Each determination unit. every bit far as possible should be independent of other units so that it can be dropped if the cost analysis proves to be unfavorable for it. Developing determinatio n bundles: A determination bundle for each unit should be developed. While developing a determination bundle. replies to the undermentioned inquiries would be desirable: Is it necessary to execute a peculiar activity at all? If the reply is in the negative. there is no demand to continue farther. How much has been the existent cost of the activity and what has been the existent benefit both in tangible every bit good as intangible signifiers? What should be the estimated cost of the degree of activity and the estimated benefit from 12 such activity? Should the activity be performed in the manner in which it is being performed. and what should be the cost? If the undertaking or activity is dropped. can the unit be replaced by an outside bureau? After finishing determination bundles for each unit. the units are ranked harmonizing to the findings of cost benefit analysis. Essential undertakings are identified and given the highest ranks. The last phase is that of implementing the determination taken in the visible radiation of the survey made. It involves the choice and credence of those undertakings which have a positive cost-benefit analysis or which are capable of run intoing the aims of the organisation. The above analysis shows that zero base budgeting is in a manner an extension of the method of cost benefit analysis to the country of the corporate budgeting. Advantages of Zero Base Budgeting: It provides the organisation with systematic manner to measure different operations and programmes undertaken. It en ables direction to apportion resources harmonizing to precedence of the programmes. It ensures that each and every programme undertaken by directors is truly indispensable for the organisation. and is being performed in the best possible manner. It enables the direction to O.K. departmental budgets on the footing of cost-benefit analysis. No arbitrary cuts or increase in budget estimations are made. It links budgets with the corporate aims. Nothing will be allowed merely because it was being done in the yesteryear. An activity may be shelved if it does non assist in accomplishing the ends of the endeavors. 13 It helps in placing countries of uneconomical outgo and. if desired. it can besides be used for proposing alternate classs of action. It facilitates the debut and execution of the system of `management by objectives’ . Thus it can be used non merely for fulfilment of the aims of traditional budgeting. but besides for a assortment of other intents. It is contended that zero base budgeting is clip devouring. Of class. it is true. but it happens merely in the initial phases when determination units have to be identified and determination bundles have to be developed or completed. Once this is done. and the methodological analysis is clear. zero base budgeting is likely to take less clip than the traditional budgeting. In any instance. till such clip the organisation is decently acclimatized to the technique of zero base budgeting. it may be done in a manner that allduty centre’s are covered at least one time in three or four old ages. Zero base budgeting as a construct h as become rather popular these yearss. The technique was foremost used by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1962. Texas Instruments. a transnational company. pioneered its usage in the private sector. Today. a figure of major companies such as Zerox. BASF. International Harvester and Easter Airlines in the United State are utilizing the system. Some sections of the Government of India have late introduced zero base budgeting with a position to doing the system of budgetary control more effectual. 14 PERFORMANCE BUDGETS Performance budgeting ( or programme budgeting ) has been designed to rectify the defects of traditional budgeting by stressing management’s considerations/ attacks. Both the fiscal and physical facets are incorporated into the budget. A public presentation budget presents the operations of an administration in footings of maps. programmes. activities. and undertakings. In public presentation budgeting. precise detention of occupation to be performed or services to be rendered is done. Second. the budget is prepared in footings of functional classs and their sub-division into programmes. activities. and undertakings. Third. the budget becomes a comprehensive papers. Since the fiscal and physical consequences are interwoven. it facilitates direction control. The Main aims of Performance Budgeting are: ( I ) to organize the physical and fiscal facets ; ( two ) to better the budget preparation. reappraisal and decision-making at all degrees of direction ( thre e ) to ease better grasp and reappraisal by commanding governments ( legislative assembly. Board of Trustees or Governors. etc ) as the presentation is more purposeful and apprehensible ; ( four ) to do more effectual public presentation audit possible ; and ( V ) to mensurate progress towards long-run aims which are envisaged in a development program. Performance budgeting involves rating of the public presentation of the administration in the context of both specific. every bit good as. overall aims of the administration. It presupposes a crystal clear perceptual experience of organizational aims in general. and short-run concern aims as stipulated in the budget. in peculiar by each employee of theadministration. irrespective of his degree. It therefore. provides a definite way to each employee and besides a control mechanism to higher direction. 15 Performance budgeting requires readying of periodic public presentation studies. Such studies compare budget and existent informations. and demo discrepancies. Their readying is greatly facilitated if the authorization and duty for the incurrence of each cost component is clearly defined within the firm’s organizational construction. In add-on. the accounting system should be sufficiently detailed and coordinated to supply necessary informations for studies designed for the peculiar usage of the persons or cost Centres holding primary duty for specific cost. The duty for fixing the public presentation budget of each section lies on the several Department Head. Each Department Head will be supplied with a transcript of the subdivision of the maestro budget appropriate to his domain. For illustration. the main purchaser will be supplied with the transcript of the stuffs purchase budget so that he may set up for purchase of necessary stuffs. Periodic studies from assorted subdivi sions of a section will be received by the departmental caput that will subject a drumhead study about his section to the budget commission. The study may be daily. hebdomadal or monthly. depending upon the size of concern and the budget period. These studies will be in the signifier of comparing of budgeted and existent figures. both periodic and cumulative. The intent of fixing these studies is to quickly inform about the divergences in existent and budgeted activity to the individual who has the necessary authorization and duty to take necessary action to rectify the divergences from the budget. 16 FUNCTIONAL BUDGET A functional budget is one which is related to map of the concern as for illustration. production budget relating to the fabrication map. Functional budgets are prepared for each map and they are subordinate to the maestro budget of the concern. The assorted types of functional budgets to be prepared will change harmonizing to the size and nature of the concern. The assorted normally used functional budgets are: Gross saless budget Production budget Plant use budget Direct-material usage budget Direct-material purchase budget Direct-labour ( forces ) budget Factory overhead budget Production cost budget Ending-inventory budget Cost-of-goods-sold budget Selling and distribution cost budget Administration disbursals budget Research and development cost budget ( xiv ) Capital outgo budget Cash budget 17 Illustration: Gross saless Budget: Gross saless forecast is the beginning of budgeting and hence gross revenues budget assumes primary importance. The measure which can be sold may be the chief budget factor in many concern projects. In any instance in order to chalk out a realistic budget programme. there must be an accurate gross revenues prognosis. The gross revenues budget indicates for each merchandise: 1. The measure of estimated gross revenues and 2. The expected unit merchandising monetary value. These informations are frequently reported by parts or by gross revenues representatives. In gauging the measure of gross revenues for each merchandise. past gross revenues volumes are frequently used as a starting point. These sums are revised for factors that are expected to impact future gross revenues. such as the factors listed below. 1. Backlog of unfilled gross revenues orders 2. Planned advertisement and publicity 3. Expected industry and general economic conditions 4. Productive capacity 5. Projected pricing 6. Findingss of market research surveies 7. Relative merchandise profitableness. 8. Competition. 18 Once an estimation of the gross revenues volume is obtained. the expected gross revenues gross can be determined by multiplying the volume by the expected unit gross revenues monetary value. the gross revenues budget represents the entire gross revenues in physical measures and values for a future budget period. Gross saless directors are invariably faced with job like expectancy of client demands. new merchandise demands. rival schemes and assorted alterations in distribution methods or promotional techniques. The intents ofgross revenues budget is non to try to gauge or think what the existent gross revenues will be. but instead to develop a program with clearly defined aims towards which the operational attempt is directed in order to achieve or transcend the nonsubjective. Hence. gross revenues budget is non simply a gross revenues prognosis. A budget is a planning and control papers which shows what the direction intends to carry through. Thus. the gross revenues budget is active instead than passive. A gross revenues prognosis. nevertheless. is a projection or estimation of the available client demand. A prognosis reflects the environmental or competitory state of affairs confronting the company whereas the gross revenues budget shows how the direction intends to respond to this enviro nmental and competitory state of affairs. A good budget flexible joints on aggressive direction control instead than on inactive credence of what the market appears to offer. If the company fails to do this differentiation. the budget will stay more a figure-work exercising than a on the job tool of dynamic direction control. 19 The gross revenues budget may be prepared under the undermentioned categorization or combination of categorizations: 1. Merchandises or groups of merchandises. 2. Areas. towns. salesmen and agents. 3. Types of clients as for illustration: ( I ) Government. ( two ) Export. ( three ) Home gross revenues. ( four ) Retail terminals. 4. Period of Gross saless Budget: XYZ Ltd. Gross saless Budget for the Year Ended 31 March XXXX Particulars Units Selling Price ( P. U ) Total Gross saless Value ( Rs. ) Product A Merchandise B Total 5000 10000 75 80 375000 800000 1175000 20 Lead TO THE PREPARATION OF THE MASTER BUDGET When all the necessary functional budgets have been prepared. the budget officer will fix the maestro budget which may dwell of budgeted net income and loss history and budgeted balance sheet. These are in fact the budget sum-ups. When the maestro budget is approved by the board of managers. it represents a criterion for the accomplishment of which all the sections will work. On the footing of the assorted budgets ( agendas ) prepared earlier in this survey. weprepare below budgeted income statement and budgeted balance sheet. Illustration: Floatglass Manufacturing Company requires you to show the Master budget for the 31 March 2012 from the undermentioned information: Gross saless: Toughened Glass Bent Glass Direct Material Cost Direct Wages Factory Overheads: Indirect Labour Works Manager Foreman Rs. 500 per month Rs. 400 per month 2. 5 % on Gross saless Rs. 600000 Rs. 200000 60 % of Gross saless 20 workers @ Rs. 150 per month 21 Shops and Spares Depreciation on Machinery Repairs and Maintenance Other Sundries Administration. merchandising and Distribution Expenses Rs. 12600 Rs. 3000 Rs. 8000 10 % on Direct Wages Rs. 36000 per twelvemonth Solution: Master Budget for the Year Ending 31 March 2012 Particulars Amount ( Rs. ) Gross saless: Toughened Glass Bent Glass Total Gross saless Less: Cost of Production: Direct Material Direct Wages Prime Cost ( A ) Fixed Factory Overhead: 480000 36000 516000 600000 200000 800000 Amount ( Rs. ) 22 Works Manager’s Salary Foreman’s Salary Depreciation Light and Power Total Fixed Factory Overhead ( B ) Variable Factory Overhead: Shops and Spares Repairs and Maintenance Sundry Expenses Total Variable Factory Overhead ( C ) Works Cost ( A+B+C ) Gross Profit ( Sales- Works Cost ) Less: Administration. Selling and Distribution Expenses Net Net income 6000 4800 12600 3000 26400 20000 8000 3600 31600 574000 226000 36000 190000 23 Capital EXPENDITURE BUDGET: The capital outgo budget represents theplanned spending on fixed assets like land. edifice. works and machinery. etc. during the budget period. This budget is capable to rigorous direction control because it entails big sum of outgo. The budget is prepared to cover a long period of old ages and it undertakings the capital costs over the period in which the outgo is to be incurred and the expected net incomes. The readying of this budget is based on the undermentioned considerations: 1. Operating expense on production installations of certain sections as indicated by the works use budget. 2. Future development programs to increase end product by enlargement of works installations. 3. Replacement petitions from the concerned sections 4. Factors like gross revenues possible to absorb the increased end product. possibility of monetary value decreases. increased costs of advertisement and gross revenues publicity to absorb increased end product. etc. Merits/Adv antages: 1. It outlines the capital development programme and estimated capital outgo during the budget period. 2. It enables the company to set up a system of precedences. When there is a deficit of financess. capital rationing becomes necessary. 3. It serves as a tool for commanding outgo. 4. It provides the sum of outgo to be incorporated in the hereafter budget 24 sum-ups for computation of estimated return on capital employed. 5. This enables the hard currency budget to be completed. With other hard currency committednesss capital outgo committedness should besides be considered for the completion of the budget. 6. It facilitates cost decrease programme. peculiarly when modernisation and redevelopment is covered by this budget. 25 FIXED AND FLEXIBLE BUDGETS Fixed Budget: Harmonizing to Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England. â€Å"a fixed budget is a budget designed to stay unchanged irrespective of the degree of activity really attained† . A fixed budget shows the expected consequences of a duty centre for merely one activity degree. Once the budget has been determined. it is non changed. even if the activity alterations. Fixed budgeting is used by many servicecompanies and for some administrative maps of fabrication companies. such as buying. technology. and accounting. Fixed Budget is used as an effectual tool of cost control. In instance. the degree of activity attained is different from the degree of activity for budgeting intents. the fixed budget becomes uneffective. Such a budget is rather suited for fixed disbursals. It is besides known as a inactive budget. Essential conditions: 1. When the nature of concern is non seasonal. 2. There is no impact of external factors on the co ncern activities 3. The demand of the merchandise is certain and stable. 4. Supply orders are issued on a regular basis. 5. The market of the merchandise should be domestic instead than foreign. 6. There is no demand of particular labor or stuff in the production of the merchandises. 7. Supply of production inputs is regular. 8. There is a tendency of monetary value stableness. Generally. all above conditions are non found in pattern. Hence fixed budget is non of import 26 in concern concerns. Merits/advantages: 1. Very simple to understand 2. Less clip devouring Demerits/Disadvantages: 1. It is misdirecting. A hapless public presentation may stay undetected and a good public presentation may travel unfulfilled. 2. It is non suited for long period. 3. It is besides found unsuitable peculiarly when the concern conditions are altering invariably. 4. Accurate estimations are non possible. Flexible Budget Harmonizing to Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England. †a flexible budget is defined as a budget which. by acknowledging the difference between fixed. semi-variable and variable costs is designed to alter in relation to the degree of activity attained. † Unlike inactive ( fixed ) budgets. flexible budgets show the expected consequences of a duty centre for several activity degrees. You can believe of a flexible budget as a series of inactive budgets for different degrees of activity. Such budgets are particularly utile in gau ging and commanding mill costs and operating disbursals. It is more realistic and operable because it gives due consideration 27 to be behavior at different degrees of activity. While fixing a flexible budget the disbursals are classified into three classs viz. 1. Fixed. 2. Variable. and 3. Semi-variable. Semi-variable disbursals are farther segregated into fixed and variable disbursals. Flexible budgeting may beresorted to under following state of affairss: 1. In the instance of new concern venture due to its typical nature it may be hard to calculate the demand of a merchandise accurately. 2. Where the concern is dependent upon the clemency of nature e. g. . a individual covering in wool trade may hold adequate market if temperature goes below the freeze point. 3. In the instance of labour intensive industry where the production of the concern is dependent upon the handiness of labor. Merits/ Advantages: 1. With the aid of flexible budget. the gross revenues. costs and net income may be calculated easy by the concern at assorted degrees of production capacity. 2. In flexible budget. accommodation is really s imple harmonizing to alteration in concern conditions. 3. It besides helps in finding of production degree as it shows budgeted costs with categorization at assorted degrees of activity along with gross revenues. Hence the direction can easy choose the degree of production which shows the net income predetermined by the proprietors of the concern. 4. It besides shows the measure of merchandise to be produced to gain determined net income. 28 Demerits/Disadvantages: 1. The preparation of flexible budget is possible merely when there is proper accounting system maintained. perfect cognition about the factors of production and assorted concern fortunes is available. 2. Flexible Budget besides requires the system of standard costing in concern. 3. It is really expensive and labour oriented. Need for flexible budget: 1. Seasonal fluctuations in gross revenues and/or production. for illustration in soft drinks industry ; 2. A company which keeps on presenting new merchandises or makes alterations in the design of its merchandises often ; 3. Industries engaged in make-to-order concern like ship edifice ; 4. An industry which is influenced by alterations in manner ; and 5. General alterations in gross revenues. 29 Illustration: A mill which expects to run 7. 000 hours. i. e. . at 70 % degree of activity. furnishes inside informations of disbursals as under: Particulars Variable Expenses Amount ( Rs. ) 1260 Semi- Variable Expenses 1200 Fixed Expenses 1800 The semi-variable disbursals go up by 10 % between 85 % and 95 % activity and by 20 % above 95 % activity. Construct a flexible budget for 80. 90 and 100 per cent activities. Solution: Particulars Budgeted Hours Variable Expenses Semi-Variable Expenses Fixed Expenses Total Expenses Recovery Rate Per Hour 70 % 7000 1260 1200 1800 4260 0. 61 80 % 8000 1440 1200 1800 4440 0. 55 90 % 9000 1620 1320 1800 4740 0. 53 100 % 10000 1800 1440 1800 5040 0. 50 30 Difference between Fixed and Flexible Budget: Fixed Budget Flexible Budget It does non alter with existent volume of It can be recasted on the footing of activity activity achieved. Thus it is known as stiff degree to be achieved. Thus it is non stiff. or inflexible budget. It operates on one degree of activity and under It consists of assorted budgets for one set of conditions. It assumes that there different degrees of activity. will be no alteration in the prevalent conditions. which is unrealistic. Here as all costs like – fixed. variable and Here analysis of discrepancy provides utile semi-variable are related to merely one degree information as each cost is analyzed of activity so variance analysis does give utile information. If the budgeted and existent activity degrees differ Flexible budgeting at different degrees of significantly. so the facets like cost activity facilitates the ascertainment of ascertainment and monetary value arrested development do non give a cost. arrested development of selling monetary value and tendering right image . of citations. a meaningful footing of non harmonizing to its behavior. Comparison of existent public presentation with It provides budgeted marks will be meaningless comparing of the existent public presentation with specially when there is a difference the budgeted marks. between the two activity degrees. 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 ICAI Module on Cost Accounting 2 Newsletters and sentiments published by ICAI 3 hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Budget 4 World Wide Web. icai. org

Frances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Frances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire A wealthy Bostonian who had come to New York for a Columbia University graduate degree, Frances Perkins (April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was having tea nearby on March 25 when she heard the fire engines. She arrived at the scene of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in time to see workers jumping from the windows above. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire   This scene motivated Perkins to work for reform in working conditions, especially for women and children. She served on the Committee on Safety of the City of New York as executive secretary, working to improve factory conditions. Frances Perkins met Franklin D. Roosevelt in this capacity, while he was New York governor, and in 1932, he appointed her as Secretary of Labor, the first woman to be appointed to a cabinet position. Frances Perkins called the day of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire the day the New Deal began.

Book review1 Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book review1 - Literature review Example The book was published in the year 2007 by Crossway Books publishing ministry of Good News Publishers whose headquarters are in Illinois. Among the several books that J. Piper has published includes God’s Passion for His Glory, The Pleasures of God, Future Grace, A hunger for God and Desiring God among others. Based on the many items on theology, the author has produced a book that provides a basis for today Christian living. The various concepts displayed in the book relate to academic, biblical and psychological understanding of the writer on key items as presented in the bible. John Piper addresses main topics basing his ideas on the works of N.T Wright and citing his works throughout his book which centres on justification and judgment. The scope of the book is wide as the writer outlines his ideas concerning previous works of others, maintaining his thought on various issues and using ideas to base his argument. Among the issues discussed in the book are such as the relationship between law and covenant, dynamics of justification, justification and gospel, and places of Christian works in justification. The author also analyses the concept of justification on the death of Christ being able to cleanse sin. In this, he notes that avoiding sin is essential for the forgiveness of sin but noting with precedence that his death was to ensure human justification. He cites Colossian 2:14, Revelation 1:5, Galatians 2:21 among other books to show that the death of Christ is sufficient to cover human sins. He is opposed to the view of the writers of the New Testament who saw the death of the Messiah as the ultimate end to His life (Piper, 2007, p.43). Piper’s view is that the Lord continually seems to manifest himself in us implying He lives as implored in the story of the resurrection. According to him, the obedience of Christ to die for us

Economics of leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics of leisure - Essay Example Readers of this report have different needs and use the results for different purposes. Chapters 2-5 look at the results on the subject: attendance, participation, access to the arts through the media and the Internet, and attitude toward art and culture. Chapter 6 discusses the results by region to provide a regional overview of the commitment to art. Critically assess the economic usefulness of the concepts and definitions of the 'arts' contained in the document. Art can be viewed as functional, i.e., a set of activities or objects that present to perform some common functions. This kind of concept art is better fit in terms of economic activity. Economics assumes that people act on the network. Creative activity is observed, then the number of persons acting in a feature perceived benefits. To understand the benefits is to understand the economics of art (Bunting, 2007, p45). To comprehend those advantages is the understanding of the economics of art. In this document both Modern Visual Art and Modern Literature challenge the intellect and propose an alternative view of the world. Alongside, these two forms of modent art, allow the artists the immense liberty through conceptual phrase to express their reserved emotions and the fundamental desires. Subsequently, contemporary artists remind about subjective and sensory impressions, not the re-creation of objective realism, due to the inconclusive reality. Contemporary Visual Art and Present day literature have quite a bit in common when compared. Both are the most abstract art forms, and both have seen the most backlash, however what is intriguing here is that they both don’t represent reality (Chan, 2006, p133). The contemporary art greatly stresses upon the self and artistic self-expression. Consider the suitability of the 16-fold categorisation of live events used here {it is listed on page 10} for an economic analysis of demand for the arts. Participation in musical events has been fairly widespread . Almost two in five per cent attended live events in the music world over the past 12 months. One of the five percent attended a rock or pop event in the past 12 months. Classical music attended 10% of people in the past year, 6% of them went to the opera or operetta, 6% of jazz, folk and country and western 2%, and music is 2% of the world. Other types of music were seen in 7% of the people. There was an increase in the proportion of people attending live musical event by 36% in 2001 to 39% in 2003. There was also a slight increase between 2001 and 2003 to participate in events or pop-rock music and a slight decrease between 2001 and 2003 events as "other music". Nearly one in eight (12%) saw a dance of some in the past 12 months, 4% had attended modern dance, and 2% of the ballet. Other types of dances mentioned in 7% of people (Chan, 2007c, p23) . There were no differences in the proportion of people who attend these various events to dance in 2001 and 2003, except for a small i ncrease of 3% to 4% of respondents, modern dance. Different forms of assistance were evident for various musical and dance activities included in the study. For example, classical music is characterized by a high level of care, repeat, with one third (33%) of those present were a classical concert of three or more times in the past year, compared with 19% of those attending the opera. More

Superstructure Preliminary Design Report

Superstructure Preliminary Design Report Two superstructure design options for the warehouse have been considered and discussed for the chosen layout, for the first design which is a portal frame and the other is a trusses structure. And all the materials were used in steelwork which are in S355. Design option one For this design option, simple portal frame are used as the main structural design and the frame contains 10 bays, each of them are 6m wide and 17m total length. This give a total area of 102m2 per bay which is satisfy the minimum requirement of the bay area of 85m2 at the beginning of the design brief. The height of the top of the column is 6m and the highest point of the roof is 6.9m which is using 6 degrees for designing the portal frame and which is satisfies the minimum floor to ceiling height of 6m at the beginning of the design brief as well. For the Section sizing, Loading calculations have been completed, and a size for each member has been chosen based on the loads acting on the structure. For the rafter, all secondary beams, (this includes the beams between columns, and the ridge beam), a section size of 356x171x45 UKB has been chosen. It has been assumed that the columns are unrestrained; this choice may be revised in the future. Under this assumption, along with the loading conditions, a section size of 533x210x22 UKB has been chosen for each column. Moreover, the diagonal cross spacing was used for the bracing design in order to maintain the stability of the whole structure under the wind loading and has been sized by using the load calculation conditions, a section size of 60x60x8 UKA has been chosen for all bracing on the roof. Furthermore, haunches with 10% of the span of the rafter long which to touch between each column and the corner of the rafter which mainly use to obtain the effect of hogging. Advantages: The main braces of the structure located on the roof of the portal frame that gives more cavity in between columns. In other words, it gives more options for the locations of the gates for the lorries to drop off. On the other hand, more fire exit can be set. As the roof make angles with both front and side of the structure, the brace on the roof can undertake wind pressure in both directions. In which, less brace is held in front and side of it. This cost less time and cost to construct. The whole structure is design to make with steel beams. This gives the structure with higher strength compare with concrete beams and columns. Between columns and columns, they have equal spaces. This led them to share the same amount to compression. The columns will share the same displacement during deformation. Easier approximation while the structure collapses. As each portal frame share the same structure, it spends less time to construct. Pin joints are used as the support on the bottom of each columns instead of fixed support, the columns of the structure undergo lesser banding moments. A vertical brace is held on the last part of the structure, it supports the brace on the roof. In other words, the materials use to make brace on the roof can be reduced. Two extra columns have been placed at both ends of the portal frame in order to support the end-span, as both end-spans do not have secondary beams either side to help stabilise the rafters in these sections. Disadvantages: While the main braces are on the top of the roof, the columns have to support higher load. The only vertical brace may block the space in between the columns. The main entrance may have to move. Design option two The second design option utilises a Pratt-pattern truss between the columns of each bay to replace a rafter with a haunch. Same as the first design, the frame contains 8 bays, each 6m wide and with a total length of 17m; giving a total area of 102m2 per bay which is satisfy the minimum requirement of the bay area of 85m2 at the beginning of the design brief. The height of the top of the column is 6m and the highest point of the roof is 6.9m which is using 6 degrees for designing the portal frame and which is satisfies the minimum floor to ceiling height of 6m at the beginning of the design brief as well. This design has no bracing as the truss can be afford for the lateral load to maintain the stability of the structure, attained from the use of a truss is sufficient enough to invalidate the use of bracing elsewhere in this particular design. Two extra columns have been placed at both end trusses in order to support the end-span, as both end-spans do not have secondary beams at either side of the truss to help stabilise them. The struts in the trusses are to be connected to the tie beam and rafter using gusset plates and bolts; and the bracing attached to the rafters using the same method. For the Section sizing, Loading calculations have been completed, and a size for each member has been chosen based on the loads acting on the structure. For the rafter, all secondary beams, (this includes the beams between columns, and the ridge beam), a section size of 356x171x45 UKB has been chosen. It has been assumed that the columns are unrestrained; this choice may be revised in the future. Under this assumption, along with the loading conditions, a section size of 533x210x22 UKB has been chosen for each column. Advantages The design has large amount of trusses set on top of the structure. It can from the side of the structure. The whole structure is design to make with steel beams. This gives the structure with higher strength compare with concrete beams and columns. As no vertical brace with the structure to the bottom, this allow extra lorry loading gates. Other than that, flexible fire exits can be set. Equal spacing within columns and columns, this lead to share the same amount to compression. The columns will share the same displacement during deformation. Easier approximation while the structure collapses. Pin joints are used as the support on the bottom of each columns instead of fixed support, the columns of the structure undergo lesser banding moments. Disadvantages As the trusses held on the top of the structure, it gives extra load on the column. Thicker columns have to be used. The cost is relatively high due to the following reasons: -Lot of connections with that trusses -More materials are used -More complied structure, harder to construct While space on the upper part uses as trusses, lesser goods can be stored, it may decrease the efficiency of the portal frame. Construction is time consuming as it has complicated structure. The calculations of the initial loading input Basic values Determine the basic wind velocity (For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are in general equal to 1.0) 2 Basic velocity pressure Where 2 Peak Pressure Calculation of = (mean wind velocity) Where , 2 Calculation of turbulence intensity ( So, Imposed load Wind load(0 degree) Roof cladding, insulation and services Snow load UKC 533x210x92 (Unrestrained column) UKB 356x171x45 (Rafter secondary beam) UKA 60x60x8 (bracing) magnitude 0.6 0.871 1.5 0.6 92 45 7.09 unit kN/m2 kN/m3 kN/m2 kN/m2 kg/m kg/m kg/m length 4.8m 4.8m 4.8m 4.8m 6m 8.5475m 10.443m Initial load 2.88 kN/m 4.181kN/m 7.2kN/m 2.88kN/m 5.41512kN 0.44145kN 0.06955kN Combination Variable Variable Permanent Permanent Permanent Properties Unfavorable favorable characteristic values 1 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.1 0.9 1.35 characteristic values 2 1.5 1.5 1.35 1.5 1.35 1 1.35 characteristic values 3 1.3 1.3 1 1.3 1 1 1.5 Total load 1 4.32 kN/m 6.270912 kN/m 7.92 kN/m 4.32kN/m 5.956632 kN 0.397305 kN 0.093896415 kN Total load 2 4.32 kN/m 6.270912 kN/m 9.72 kN/m 4.32 kN/m 7.310412 kN 0.44145 kN 0.093896415 kN Total load 3 3.744 kN/m 5.4347904 kN/m 7.2 kN/m 3.744 kN/m 5.41512 kN 0.44145 kN 0.10432935 kN All the load calculation was took the total load 2 which got the largest value for the worst case. The approximate price calculations for both designs Design 1 The following table shows the materials used of the design; Size of steel Length(m) Quantity Usage UB 533x210x92 6 22 Column UB 356x171x45 8.54751 22 Roof UB 356x171x45 4.8 30 Roof UA 60x60x8 9.8 40 brace UA 60x60x8 7.68375 4 brace Total weight: Size of steel kg/m Total length(m) Total weight UB 533x210x92 92.1 132 12157.2 UB 356x171x45 45 332.04522 14942.0349 UA 60x60x8 7.089 536 3799.704 Total weight of steel =30900kg= 34ton Assuming price of steel is  £700 per ton, cost of the steel used =  £23800 Other than that, joints within the structure are also coincided. M16 bolts in each joint Number of joints Total number of M16 bolts 8 140 1120 Assuming price of each M16 bolt is  £2, cost of bolts used = £2240 Total cost of the structure is around  £26040 Design 2 Size of steel Length(m) Quantity Usage UB 533x210x92 6 22 column UB 356x171x45 4.8 40 Truss UB 356x171x45 1.7 110 Truss UB 356x171x45 8.6 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2.3 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2.4 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2.5 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2.7 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2.8 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 1.7 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 1.9 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2.2 22 Truss UB 356x171x45 2.4 11 Truss Size of steel kg/m Total length(m) Total weight UB 533x210x92 92.1 132 12157.2 UB 356x171x45 45 1045.6 47052 Total weight of steel = 59200kg =65.26 ton Assuming price of steel is  £700 per ton, price of the steel used =  £45700 Other than that, joints within the structure are also coincided. M16 bolts in each joint Number of joints Total number of M16 bolts 8 242 1936 Assuming price of each M16 bolt is  £2, cost of bolts used = £3872 Total cost of the structure is around  £3872. End of paper

Comparing and contrasting lease versus purchase options Essay

It is important to know the difference between lease purchase and lease option. The use of leases can also have an impact on a company’s liquidity profitability ratios (Schroeder, Clark, & Cathey, 2005). First the organization should study the expenses of what it would cost to lease as to what it cost to purchase this can be done with a reduced cash flow evaluation. The study would compare the expense of the alternatives by taking into account the scheduling of payments, tax benefits, and interest rates on any loans, and other financial arrangements. To make an evaluation, the company has to be sure about the financially viable lifespan of equipment, this would also include the salvage value and depreciation of such equipment. Here is a brief description of what debt financing is referred as. Debt financing is when money is borrowed by an organization and has to be repaid back with interest. Debt financing does dilute the ownership of the company. Debt financing can be looked at as either a long-term debt or short-term debt. Two examples of debt financing are the issue of Bonds and a Line of Credit. Line of Credit is a bank loan where a company can draw out funds when times are slow, and money is needed. Bonds can be issued as form of debt financing. Bonds are usually long-term and come with a maturity ranging from seven to 30 years. These bonds are usually underwritten by a bank or securities firm who assist in the sales of these bonds. Equity financing is another method of raising money by selling company stock to outside investors. In return for their interest in buying stock, the shareholder receives ownership interest in the company. An advantage to using debt is that the debt helps to produce and hold greater investment returns for the company’s equity holders. When using debt financing the primary advantage is that it allows the founders to hold ownership and control of the company. The disadvantage to this is that it  requires smaller business to make monthly payments of both principal and interest. The use of capital structure depends on what a company can afford some small companies cannot afford debt financing like larger corporations. I think equity financing is a good way for smaller companies to raise capital because the owner can still hold on to control and raise money at the same time. Reference Schroeder, R.G., Clark, M.W., & Cathey, J.M. (2005). Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis (8th Ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

The Importance Of Shareholder Wealth Maximization In Firms Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1999 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? My opinion is that the shareholder wealth maximization should be a superior objective over stakeholder interest because that is a common trend of firms development in a comparative market. However, in the reality companies do not just focus on the shareholders. To understand and make it clearer, we should pay attention to several definitions of shareholder, stakeholder and theories of shareholder and stakeholder and what the differences between them are, and what debates between them? First, what is shareholder? According to the web page of defining the world of investing-Investor Glossary, A  shareholder  is an individual or organization owning  stock  in a company. Shareholders have a legal claim on a percentage of the companys  earnings  and assets, and share the same level of limited liability as the company itself. In cases of bankruptcy, shareholders generally lose the entire value of their holdings. Next, w hat is stakeholder? According to Business dictionary.com, it is a person, a  group, or an organization that has a direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies. Key stakeholders in a  business  organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners  (shareholders),  suppliers, unions, and the  community  from which the business draws its  resources. Form the financial point view, the objective of a firm is to maximize the wealth to the shareholders. Nevertheless, nowadays people say that the wealth maximization is only focused on its shareholders. The followings below are some views supporting and not supporting to demonstrate to the things above. According to H. Jeff Smith (2003), Shareholder theory asserts that shareholder advances capital to a companys managers, who are supposed to sp end corporate funds only in ways that have been authorized by the shareholders. Furthermore, Milton Friedman (1970) is the man supporting this theory very much. He made the most well-known version of the shareholder theory in the following passage in Capitalism and Freedom: In such an economy [a free economy], there is one and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the gameÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦without deception or fraud. In his essay The Social Responsibility of Business Is To Increase Its Profits Friedman gives a somewhat different statement of the theory: In a free-enterprise, private property system, a corporate executive is an employee of the owners of the business. He has direct responsibility to his employers. That responsibility is to conduct the business in accordance to with their desires, which will generally be to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and in ethical custom. One more view supporting this theory is posted by Todd Henderson (2010). He argued that while the duty to maximize shareholder value may be a useful short hand for a corporate manager to think about how to act on a day to day basis, this is not legally required or enforceable. The only constraint on board decision making is a pair of duties the duty of care and the duty of loyalty.The duty of care requires boards to be well informed and to make deliberate decisions after careful consideration of the issues. Importantly, board members are entitled to rely on experts and corporate officers for their information, can easily comply with duty of care obligations by spending shareholder money on lawyers and process, and, in any event, are routinely indemnified against damages for any breaches of this duty. The duty of loyalty self evidently requires board members to put the i nterests of the corporation ahead of their own personal interest. And, Dodge v. Ford Motor Co., (1919) supposed corporations are organized and acted for carrying on primarily profit of the stockholders. Directors are employed on behalf of owners, has responsibility to bring more profit into strongbox of employers. They are simultaneously assigned power and duty for making decision so as to reach purpose of proprietors. Different with the above mentioned views, the stakeholder theory says that corporations should be run for the benefit of all stakeholders, not just the shareholders (Thomas L. Carson -2003). Also, R. Edward Freeman (2004) is the most prominent defender of the stakeholder theory. In his paper A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation Freeman writes: Corporations shall be managed in the interests of its stakeholder, defined as employees, financiers, customers and commodities. Moreover, in an earlier paper written together with William Evan, Freeman states as follows: The corporation should be managed for the benefit of its stakeholder: its customers, suppliers, owners, employees, and local communities. The rights of these groups must be ensured, and further, the groups must participate in some sense in decisions that substantially affect their welfare. Management bears a fiduciary relationship to stakeholders and to the corporation as an abstract entity. It must act in the interests of the shareholders as their agent, and it must act in the interests of the corporation to ensure the survival of the firm, safeguarding the long-term stakes of each group. Also, according to H. Jeff Smith stakeholder theory asserts that managers have a duty to both the corporations shareholder and individuals and constituencies that contribute, either voluntarily or involuntarily, to [a companys] wealth-creating capacity and activities, and who are therefore its potential beneficiaries and/or risk bearers. Managers are agents of all stakeholders and have two responsibilities: to ensure that the ethical rights of no stakeholder are violated and to balance the legitimate interests of the stakeholders when making decisions. The objective is to balance profit maximization with the long-term ability of the corporation to remain a going concern. From the above views of the shareholder and stakeholder theory, I support the ideal shareholder wealth maximization should be a superior objective over stakeholder interest because as follows: As we know, from a modern financial perspective a firms main objective is to maximize its shareholder wealth. The wealth is shown via the market by the price of companys common stock, which is a reflection of the 3 key variables: timing of cash flows, magnitude of cash flows and the risk of the cash flows that investors expect a firm to generate over time. Normally, profit maximization after tax (ETA) is considered as the main purpose of the firm, but it is not regarded as a objective to maximize s hareholder wealth because earnings per share (EPS) will be more important than total profits.  A company can increase its total profits by making an issue of stocks and using the returns to invest in other bonds for profits.  Even maximizing profit per share, but, is not a completely suitable goal, firstly because it does not show the time factor or period of expected interest. Secondly, next mistake of maximizing EPS is that it does not take interest in the risk or uncertainty of the future return flow. So, there are several investment projects will more risky than others.  Consequently, the prospective flow of EPS would not be more ensured if these projects were undertaken.  Besides, a firm will be more or less risky to be conditional on the total of debt relevant to equity in its capital structure.  This risk is considered as financial risk and it contributes to the uncertainty of the future flow of earnings per share too.  For instance, there are two companies A and B with the same of the expected future EPS. However, the earnings flow of the company A depends significantly more uncertainty than the earnings flow of the company B, so the market price per share of the company As stock may be lower. For the mentioned-above reasons, a maximization objective of EPS may not be the same as those maximizing market price per share.  The value of a companys stock in the market shows the focal judgment of overall market participants with what the value is of the specific business.  It mentions to present and prospective EPS, the timing, duration, and risk of these returns, and any other factors relating to market price of stock. The market price is regarded as a performance index of firms progress and this let us know that how well management is running in behalf of its stockholders. In some circumstances the management goals perhaps differ from those of the firm stockholders.  In a corporation (es pecially it goes stock market) whose stock is extensively held, stockholders give a bit of their control or influence over the company operations.  When the company control is segregated from its ownership, management does not completely try their best to do jobs for the best benefits of the stockholders. They perhaps feel satisfied to run and seek a growth level accepted and concerned a lot with maintaining their own existence than with firms value maximization to its shareholders.  The top important purpose to this management may be its own survival.  Consequently, this leads to unwilling to face with reasonable risks for their fear of making a mistake, hence becoming easily seen to the suppliers of capital from outside. Then, these suppliers may give out a threat to managements existence. To exist over a long time, management has to know to behave by a way that is reasonably suitable with maximization of shareholder value. However, the objectives of the parti es are not always necessary the same.  Maximizing shareholder value, subsequently, is a consistent example for how a firm  should  act.  When management does not follow these guides, we must recognize this as a restriction and make decision for the opportunity cost. This cost is measurable only if we decide what the result would be had the firm attempted to maximize value to shareholder. The purpose of capital markets is to effectively apportion savings in an economy from last savers to last users of capital who invest in real properties. If savings are interested in the top auspicious investment chances, a reasonable economic criteria must exist that manages their flows. In general, the savings allocation in an economy happens on the foundation of expected earnings and risk. The value of a businesss stock in the market is both of these factors. Accordingly, it reflects the markets equilibration process between returns and risk. If making decisions in accordance with the probably effect upon the market value of its stock, a business will only be able to attract capital from outside when its investment chances defend the use of that capital in the whole economy. However, this does not mean management will not mention to social responsibility and stakeholders interests. Namely, Social responsibility of a firm towards shareholders is to ensure good return on investment, towards employees is fair pay and working conditions, towards suppliers is prompt payment and fair procurement process, towards customers is fair price, safe product and after sales service and towards local community is providing jobs and supporting the community development activities, supporting education, and becoming actively involved in environmental issues like clean air and water. Hence, the stakeholders interest is the interest of stakeholders said above. The stakeholder interests sometimes conflict or influence with the shareholders interests in maxim izing wealth. Furthermore, the criteria for social responsibility and stakeholders interests are not clearly specified, making formulation of an appropriate goal function difficult. Therefore, manager has to know to coordinate between the shareholder wealth maximization and its stakeholder interests with superior financial results. In conclusion, maximizing shareholder wealth is a superior objective which a business firm must obligatorily fulfill to survive. If firms do not operate with the goal of shareholder wealth maximization in mind, shareholders will have little incentive to accept the risk necessary for a business to thrive. However, this maximization of wealth is not understood to be at all costs. It will be a contented combination between shareholder and stakeholder interests with best financial results. Depending on each specific situation, each specific circumstance and each specific condition of firms, they can sort out what is the best solution for their organization . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Importance Of Shareholder Wealth Maximization In Firms Finance Essay" essay for you Create order